Pseudopupils of Compound Eyes

Stavenga, Doekele G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66999-6_7

Cited by 149 publications

(195 citation statements)

References 213 publications

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“…The number of shining facets thus depends on the numerical aperture of the microscope objective. The set of shining facets, called the luminous corneal pseudopupil (Franceschini and Kirschfeld 1971;Stavenga 1979), merges into a bright spot when the microscope is focused at the level of the center of curvature of the eye (Fig. 2b).…”

Section: Eye Shine and Pseudopupilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The assembly of photoreceptor pigment granules is therefore called the pupil (Stavenga 1979). The pupil mechanism, in addition to controlling the light absorbed by the visual pigments, can strongly disturb photochemical experiments, the theme of this paper.…”

Section: Eye Shine and Pseudopupilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The red pigment of the screening pigment cells serves as a selective red filter, so that red stray light pervading the eye can efficiently reconvert existing metarhodopsin molecules into their native rhodopsin state. Consequently, the steady state metarhodopsin concentration in fly eyes is very low (Stavenga 1979(Stavenga , 2002a. Red stray light would be detrimental in butterfly eyes, as it would cause photoconversion of the green rhodopsin into its blue-absorbing metarhodopsin, and therefore butterfly eyes have very dense, black screening pigment that efficiently absorbs stray light.…”

Section: Butterfly Visual Pigments In Natural Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual pigment spectra of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, derived from in vivo epi-illumination microspectrophotometry

Vanhoutte

Stavenga

2005

J Comp Physiol A

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Visual pigment spectra of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, derived from in vivo epiillumination nation microspectrophotometry Vanhoutte, KJA; Stavenga, DG Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Abstract The visual pigments in the compound eye of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, were investigated in a specially designed epi-illumination microspectrophotometer. Absorption changes due to photochemical conversions of the visual pigments, or due to lightindependent visual pigment decay and regeneration, were studied by measuring the eye shine, i.e., the light reflected from the tapetum located in each ommatidium proximal to the visual pigment-bearing rhabdom. The obtained absorbance difference spectra demonstrated the dominant presence of a green visual pigment. The rhodopsin and its metarhodopsin have absorption peak wavelengths at 532 nm and 492 nm, respectively. The metarhodopsin is removed from the rhabdom with a time constant of 15 min and the rhodopsin is regenerated with a time constant of 59 min (room temperature). A UV rhodopsin with metarhodopsin absorbing maximally at 467 nm was revealed, and evidence for a blue rhodopsin was obtained indirectly.

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Section: Eye Shine and Pseudopupilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Eye Shine and Pseudopupilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Butterfly Visual Pigments In Natural Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Visual pigment spectra of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, derived from in vivo epi-illumination microspectrophotometry

Vanhoutte

Stavenga

2005

J Comp Physiol A

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“…In the¯y the interommatidial angle approximately corresponds to the angular di erence between the photoreceptors sampling light at neighboring points in the visual ®eld (e.g., Land 1997). Because of the hexagonal organization of the ommatidial lattice which can be observed over most parts of the eye (but see Stavenga 1979) there are three rows along which directly adjacent ommatidia can be connected. In the equatorial region of the eye, two of these rows, termed x-and y-row, are diagonal (Braitenberg 1967), the third one, the v-row, is oriented vertically.…”

Section: Spatial Resolution and Axis Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Arrangement of optical axes and spatial resolution in the compound eye of the female blowfly Calliphora

Petrowitz

Dahmen²,

Egelhaaf

et al. 2000

J Comp Physiol A

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We determined the optical axes of ommatidia in the wild-type female blow¯y Calliphora by inspecting the deep pseudopupil in large parts of the compound eye. The resulting map of optical axes allowed us to evaluate the spatial resolution in di erent parts of the eye in terms of interommatidial angles as well as the density of optical axes, and to estimate the orientation of ommatidial rows along the hexagonal eye lattice. The optical axes are not homogeneously distributed over the eye. In the frontal visual ®eld the spatial resolution is about two times higher than in its lateral part and about three times higher as compared to the eye's dorsal pole region. The orientation of the ommatidial rows along the eye lattice is not the same for di erent regions of the eye but changes in a characteristic way. The inter-individual variability in the orientation of the ommatidial rows is estimated to be smaller than 8°. The characteristic arrangement of the ommatidial lattice is discussed as an adaptation for e cient evaluation of optic¯ow as induced during self-motions of the animal.

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“…by sectioning the retina and observing the cut-end of the photoreceptors. Since then several studies have assembled a substantial amount of data concerning the spectral properties and intensity dependence of the pupil mecha-nism in connection with physiological as well as thefunctional characteristics of fly photoreceptor cells [5][6][7][8][9]. Interestingly, as was already the case with Exner [ 1 ], the advance in this research greatly benefited from analyses of the optics of fly eyes, and vice versa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Light-dependent pigment migration in blowfly photoreceptors studied by in vivo CLSM

Stavenga

Leertouwer

Smits

1996

Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology

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The light-dependent migration of pigment granules in the soma of fly photoreceptors has been studied in vivo with a fast confocal laser scanning microscope. Images as well as photometric measurements were obtained in the reflection and fluorescence modes. Measurements at the single cell level were performed by using water immersion. The illumination of dark adapted photoreceptors causes a rapid increase in reflectance due to the migration of light scattering pigment granules toward the rhabdomeres. In the steady-state, the reflection signal strongly fluctuates, indicating that the pigment granules undergo a very rapid fluctuating movements. A major part of the reflection signal is due to light back-scattered by the pigment granules and channeled through the light guiding rhabdomeres. The optical axes of the rhabdomeres can thus be directly traced and appear to be directed toward the optical centre of the corresponding facet lens. Simultaneous with the reflection increase, the fluorescence of the photoreceptors decreases, because the pigment granules accumulating near the rhabdomeres act as a lightcontrolling pupil. Broad-band, white light filtered by the predominantly blue absorbing pupil causes an increased fraction of the visual pigment in the rhodopsin state.

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Pseudopupils of Compound Eyes

Cited by 149 publications

References 213 publications

Visual pigment spectra of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, derived from in vivo epi-illumination microspectrophotometry

Visual pigment spectra of the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, derived from in vivo epi-illumination microspectrophotometry

Arrangement of optical axes and spatial resolution in the compound eye of the female blowfly Calliphora

Light-dependent pigment migration in blowfly photoreceptors studied by in vivo CLSM

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