Pseudorabies in farmed foxes fed pig offal in Shandong province, China

Jin, Hongliang; Gao, Shuman; Liu, Ye; Zhang, Shoufeng; Hu, Rongliang

doi:10.1007/s00705-015-2659-9

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Fur animals have significant economic value. In recent years, cases of infections due to porcine pathogens (such as Hepatitis E virus, Pseudorabies virus) have progressively in minks and foxes (41)(42)(43)(44). PCV2 was also reported in minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs with diarrhea or reproductive failure in China (45)(46)(47).…”

Section: Pcvs In Caninesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review

Zhai

Wei

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Porcine circovirus (PCV) is one of the smallest known DNA viruses in mammals. At present, PCVs are divided into three species, PCV1, PCV2, and PCV3. PCV1 and PCV2 were found in the 1970s and the 1990s, respectively, whereas PCV3 was discovered recently in 2016. PCV1 does not cause diseases in pigs. However, PCV3, similar to PCV2, is reported to be associated with several swine diseases, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive failure. PCVs are very common in domestic pigs as well as wild boars. However, PCVs have been occasionally isolated from non-porcine animals, including ruminants (such as cattle, goats, wild chamois, and roe deers), rodents (such as NMRI mice, BALB/c mice, Black C57 mice, ICR mice, Mus musculus, and Rattus rattus), canines (such as dogs, minks, foxes, and raccoon dogs), insects (such as flies, mosquitoes, and ticks), and shellfish. Moreover, PCVs are frequently reported in biological products, including human vaccines, animal vaccines, porcine-derived commercial pepsin products, and many cell lines. PCVs are also abundant in the environment, including water samples and air samples. Interestingly, PCV1 and/or PCV2 antibody or antigen has also been detected in sera, stool samples and respiratory swab samples of human, revealing zoonotic potential of PCVs. Thus, PCVs inhabit many types of reservoirs. In this review, we summarize the reservoirs of PCVs, and this information would be helpful in understanding the natural circulating status and possible cross-species transmission of PCVs.

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Section: Pcvs In Caninesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review

Zhai

Wei

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…Pig is the natural host and reservoir for PRV, while this pathogen can also infect various mammals, such as ruminants ( 4 , 5 ), carnivores ( 6 ), bears ( 7 ), etc. Recently, a PRV strain has been isolated from an acute human encephalitis case, suggesting that humans may be potential PRV hosts ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Investigation and Genetic Characteristics of Pseudorabies Virus in Hunan Province of China From 2016 to 2020

et al. 2021

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Pseudorabies (PR), caused by variant pseudorabies virus (PRV), is an economically important viral disease in China. Recently, PRV infection in humans has also received attention worldwide. To investigate the PRV infection in Hunan province, China, we collected a total of 18,138 serum specimens from 808 PRV-vaccinated pig farms cross this region during 2016–2020, and we detected the presence of PRV glycoprotein B (gB) and gE-specific antibodies. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results revealed that 80.47% (14,596/18,138, 95 CI 79.9–81.0) and 23.55% (4,271/18,138, 95 CI 22.9–24.2) of serum samples were positive for PRV gB and gE-specific antibodies, respectively. Further analysis indicated that the seroprevalence of wild PRV infection was associated with the season and breeding scale (p < 0.01). In addition, five PRV strains were isolated from PRV-positive samples in Vero cells and the virus titers varied from 106.5 to 107.51 TCID50/0.1 ml. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that one isolate was a classical strain of PRV genotype II, and four other isolates belonged to the variants of genotype II. Collectively, the data indicate that the prevalence of PRV remains high in pigs in Hunan province, and the variant PRV strains are the major genotypes affecting the development of the pig industry.

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“…Several cases of natural AD have been reported in wild carnivores including fourteen wild foxes [ 22 , 94 , 95 ], over 1200 captive foxes [ 96 ], about 8000 captive mink [ 97 ], one Iberian lynx [ 98 ], three wolves [ 99 ], three captive coyotes [ 100 ], four brown bears [ 101 ], one black bear [ 102 ], one Florida panther [ 23 ] and six raccoons [ 103 ]. Experimental studies were carried out in blue foxes [ 104 ] and three raccoons [ 103 ].…”

Section: Aujeszky’s Disease In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pruritus and skin abrasions are present in the majority of foxes and appear predominantly at the head and limbs [ 22 , 95 ]. Additionally, fever, anorexia, salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, dyspnea, vocalization and apathy are reported [ 22 , 96 ]. Macroscopically, except for alopecic skin [ 22 , 95 ] and in one case hemorrhagic gastritis and enteritis [ 94 ], gross lesions are absent.…”

Section: Aujeszky’s Disease In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Pathology of Pseudorabies in Different Naturally and Experimentally Infected Species—A Review

Sehl

Teifke

2020

Pathogens

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The pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an alphaherpesvirus and the causative agent of Aujeszky’s disease (AD). PRV infects a wide range of animal species including swine as the natural host as well as ruminants, carnivores, rodents and lagomorphs. In these species, except for the pig, PRV infection causes acute, severe disease, characterized by insatiable itching, and is always lethal. Horses, chickens and non-human primates have been shown to be largely resistant to PRV infection, while disease in humans is still controversial. PRV is a pantropic virus, which preferably invades neural tissue, but also infects epithelia of various organs, whereupon multisystemic lesions may result. Although AD is mainly associated with severe pruritus, also known as “mad itch”, there are notable differences regarding infection route, clinical signs, viral distribution and lesion patterns in different animal species. In this comprehensive review, we will present clinico-pathologic findings from different species, which have been either shown to be susceptible to PRV infection or have been tested experimentally.

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Pseudorabies in farmed foxes fed pig offal in Shandong province, China

Cited by 31 publications

References 8 publications

Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review

Reservoirs of Porcine Circoviruses: A Mini Review

Serological Investigation and Genetic Characteristics of Pseudorabies Virus in Hunan Province of China From 2016 to 2020

Comparative Pathology of Pseudorabies in Different Naturally and Experimentally Infected Species—A Review

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