Psychological Mechanisms Forged by Cultural Evolution

Heyes, Cecilia

doi:10.1177/0963721420917736

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Human beings are defined by and within their social environment. Meaningful social interaction -and cultural learning emerging within those interactions- play a key role in the development and enactment of cognitive acts (Di Paolo and De Jaegher, 2012 ; Heyes, 2020 ). Early in life, our relationships have the power to shape us and our surroundings (Keverne and Curley, 2008 ; Roth and David Sweatt, 2011 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As an example, the fairly recent interactional brain hypothesis (Di Paolo and De Jaegher, 2012 ) considers interaction with others (may it be virtual, implied, imagined, real, momentary and/or continuing) to be a constitutive variable of brain development and cognitive processes. Therefore, interaction as a dimension of social support, may play a crucial role in the emergence of cognition (Heyes, 2020 ). However, what is known about the relationship between social support and cognition comes from observational studies using self-report measures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Social Support and Cognition: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Although the influence of social support in health is a widely acknowledged factor, there is a significant gap in the understanding of its role on cognition. The purpose of this systematic review was, therefore, to determine the state-of-the-art on the literature testing the association between social support and cognition. Using six databases (WoS, PubMed, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Scopus and EBSCOhost), we identified 22 articles published between 1999 and 2019 involving an empirical quantitative focus which meet the inclusion criteria. Data extraction was performed following PRISMA recommendations. To summarize the extracted data, we used a narrative synthesis approach. Despite limitations, there is overall preliminary evidence of a relevant positive association between social support and cognition. Our results demonstrate there is enough information for an outbreak of experimental research in the area and an expansion of this body of knowledge. We argue that the present evidence lays the foundations for a more comprehensive theoretical model, one that corresponds with the complexity of the topic and possibly considers models derived from social interaction and active inference theories.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Support and Cognition: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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“…Human cognitive mechanisms have been argued to be predominantly shaped by culture [ 88 ]. The current study examined 11-month-old Caucasian Australian infants’ preferences for spontaneous, infant-directed cross-cultural emotional expressions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infants are sensitive to cultural differences in emotions at 11 months

2021

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A myriad of emotion perception studies has shown infants’ ability to discriminate different emotional categories, yet there has been little investigation of infants’ perception of cultural differences in emotions. Hence little is known about the extent to which culture-specific emotion information is recognised in the beginning of life. Caucasian Australian infants of 10–12 months participated in a visual-paired comparison task where their preferential looking patterns to three types of infant-directed emotions (anger, happiness, surprise) from two different cultures (Australian, Japanese) were examined. Differences in racial appearances were controlled. Infants exhibited preferential looking to Japanese over Caucasian Australian mothers’ angry and surprised expressions, whereas no difference was observed in trials involving East-Asian Australian mothers. In addition, infants preferred Caucasian Australian mothers’ happy expressions. These findings suggest that 11-month-olds are sensitive to cultural differences in spontaneous infant-directed emotional expressions when they are combined with a difference in racial appearance.

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“…This is especially pertinent if no plausible mechanisms or convergent genetic evidence exist. Perhaps instead they could turn towards promising theories of cultural transmission [9][10][11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twin studies with unmet assumptions are biased towards genetic heritability

Dalmaijer

2020

Preprint

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SummaryFor a century [1,2], studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins have yielded estimates of trait heritability. The clever logic behind them is that while both types of twins share environments, their genetic overlap is different. Hence, larger trait correlations between monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins indicate heritability (nature), whereas similar correlations indicate shared environmental influences (nurture), and low correlations indicate shaping through non-shared environments (external influences and measurement error). While many have written on the assumptions that both types of twins share equal environments [3–5], and that parental genetics and environment are independent [6,7]; fewer have put their data where their mouth is. Here, the impacts of unmet assumptions were investigated using a generative mixture model of twin phenotypes. The results indicated that violations of the equal environments assumption yielded large overestimations of heritability and underestimations of shared environmental influences. On the other hand, when parental genetics shaped twins’ shared environments, only minor non-linear biases against heritability emerged. Finally, realistic levels of measurement error uniformly depressed estimates for genetic and shared environmental factors. In sum, twin studies are particularly susceptible to overestimation of genetic and non-shared environmental influences. This bias could explain why some traits, such as attitudes towards property taxes [8], show suspiciously high heritability without a biologically plausible mechanism. Particularly in the context of traits with convincing mechanisms of cultural transmission [9–11] and complex gene-environment interactions [6], researchers should not allow biases in twin studies to overestimate heritability.

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Psychological Mechanisms Forged by Cultural Evolution

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Social Support and Cognition: A Systematic Review

Social Support and Cognition: A Systematic Review

Infants are sensitive to cultural differences in emotions at 11 months

Twin studies with unmet assumptions are biased towards genetic heritability

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