Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms in response to COVID-19: A study of the general population in China at the peak of its epidemic

Abstract

Rationale Psychological resilience is characterized as the ability to respond to extreme stress or trauma or adverse experience successfully. While the relation between public emergencies and psychological distress is well known, research on therelationship between psychological resilience and mental health is very limited during the outbreak of public health emergencies. Objective This research investigated the relationship between psychological resilience and mental health (depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms) among the general population in China. Method Psychological resilience, depression, anxiety, and somatization symptoms of 1770 Chinese citizens were investigated during the epidemic peak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (23rd February 2020 to 2nd March 2020). The analyses were done through the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) scale. Results The prevalence of depression, anxiety, somatization symptoms was found to be 47.1%, 31.9%, 45.9%, respectively, among all participants. From them, 18.2% showed moderate to severe symptoms of depression, 8.8% showed moderate to severe symptoms of anxiety, and 16.6% showed moderate to severe symptoms of somatization. Psychological resilience was negatively correlated with depression (standardized β = −0.490, P < 0.001), anxiety (standardized β = −0.443, P < 0.001), and somatization symptom scores (standardized β = −0.358, P < 0.001), while controlling for confounding factors. Analysis of the three-factor resilience structure showed that strength and tenacity were correlated with depression (standardized β = −0.256, P < 0.001; standardized β = −0.217, P < 0.001), anxiety (standardized β = −0.268, P < 0.001; standardized β = −0.147, P < 0.001), and somatization symptoms (standardized β = −0.236, P < 0.001; standardized β = −0.126, P < 0.01). Conclusions Our results suggest that there is a high prevalence of psychological distresses among the general population at the peak of the COVID-19 epidemic in China, which is negatively correlated with resilience. Psychological resilience represents an essential target for psychological intervention in a public health emergency.

Epidemic Rumination and Resilience on College Students' Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Fatigue

“…In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, a slew of recent studies has shown that resilient healthcare professionals experienced lower anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and depression (33,34). Among the general populace, similar patterns emerged (30,32,35,36). In other words, those who were able to adaptively cope with COVID-19 related stressors were better equipped to attenuate the onset of emotional distress consequences (37,38).…”

“…Alternative Models I-II were direct derivatives of the proposed conceptual model but made strong assumptions that depressive symptoms were not directly preceded by resilience (Model I) and epidemic rumination (Model II). Both alternative models yielded comparable fits but ultimately did not allow for incorporating past findings that implicate direct effects of rumination [e.g., (15,25)] and resilience on depressive symptoms [e.g., (30,32,35,36)]. Further, consistent with prior evidence of resilience as a moderating trait [e.g., (26,67)], Alternative Models IV-VIII were also examined in which rumination was tested as a moderator at multiple paths.…”

Does Physical Activity Matter for the Mental Health of University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

“…Thousands of people have lost their work and socio-economic status during the COVID-19 pandemic. Numerous studies have reported an increase in anxiety and depression among people around the world [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. A review study indicated that, up to the time of its publishing, the prevalence of anxiety and depression ranged between 16-28% of the Chinese population during the COVID-19 pandemic [13].…”

Terapia Comunitária Integrativa em Tempos de Pandemia: Encontros, encantos, (con)vivências e partilhas que transcendem as telas

“…O mundo vivenciou, em 2019, o início de uma grande crise psicossocial causada pela doença do coronavírus 2019 (Coronavirus disease 2019 -COVID- 19), síndrome respiratória aguda ocasionada pelo novo coronavírus (novel Coronavirus -2019-nCoV), inicialmente detectada na cidade de Wuhan, capital da província da China Central, de onde rapidamente atingiu quase todos os países do mundo. Isso, então, provocou uma pandemia, considerada a maior emergência em saúde enfrentada pelo mundo em décadas (Ran et al, 2020;Schmidt et al, 2020;Xiao, 2020). No Brasil, até 28 de outubro deste ano, 5.468.270 casos foram notificados e 158.456 óbitos por COVID-19, confirmados (Brasil, 2020).…”

“…As palavras "comunidade e resiliência a desastres são, na prática, termos sinônimos. Ambos são conceitos inclusivos e holísticos" (Castleden et al, 2011;Makwana, 2019;Ran et al, 2020).…”