Psychometric Assessment of the Rat Grimace Scale and Development of an Analgesic Intervention Score

Abstract

Our limited ability to assess spontaneous pain in rodent models of painful human conditions may be associated with a translational failure of promising analgesic compounds in to clinical use. If measurement of spontaneous pain behaviours can be used to generate an analgesic intervention score their use could expand to guide the use of analgesics, as mandated by regulatory bodies and ethical and welfare obligations. One such measure of spontaneous pain, the Rat Grimace Scale (RGS), has recently been described and shown to exhibit reliability. However, reliability of measurement scores is context and content specific, and further testing required to assess translation to a heterogenous setting (different model, raters, environment). The objectives of this study were to perform reliability testing with the Rat Grimace Scale in a heterogenous setting and generate an analgesic intervention score for its use. In a randomised, blinded study, sixteen adult female rats received one of three analgesia treatments (0.05 mg/kg buprenorphine subcutaneously, 1 mg/kg meloxicam subcutaneously, 0.2 mg/kg oral buprenorphine in jelly) peri-operatively (telemetry unit implantation surgery). Rats were video-recorded (before, 1–6 and 12 hours post-operatively) and images collected for independent scoring by three blinded raters using the RGS, and five experts based on “pain/no pain” assessment. Scores were used to calculate inter- and intra-rater reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient and generate an analgesic intervention score with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The RGS scores showed very good inter- and intra-rater reliability (0.85 [0.78–0.90 95% CI] and 0.83 [0.76–0.89], respectively). An analgesic intervention threshold of greater than 0.67 was determined. These data demonstrate that the RGS is a useful tool which can be successfully employed in a heterogenous setting, and has the potential to guide analgesic intervention.

Effects of fentanyl on pain and motor behaviors following a collagenase-induced intracerebral hemorrhage in rats

“…Videos were analyzed following the Sotocinal’s RGS method, described in detail in their manual 16. This scoring has shown very good interobserver and intraobserver reliability (with 0.85 [0.78–0.90, 95% confidence interval] and 0.83 [0.76–0.89], respectively) in other studies 17. The mean of the data collected from the 3 videos following treatments was used for analysis.…”

Facial expression: An under-utilised tool for the assessment of welfare in mammals

“…This seminal study has led to the development of similar scales for other species. The Rat Grimace Scale was developed by Sotocinal et al (2011), with further validation by Oliver et al (2014), and incorporates four facial configurations: orbital tightening, nose/cheek flattening, ear changes and whisker changes. The Rabbit Grimace Scale incorgeois and Brent, 2005;Bloomsmith et al, 2007;Hill, 2009).…”

The Physiological Basis of Cervical Facet-Mediated Persistent Pain: Basic Science and Clinical Challenges

“…Although spontaneous pain cannot be self-reported in animals, several observational methods have been developed to assess it, including evaluating facial expressions and/or grooming behavior, analgesic self-administration, and autotomy. 50,61 The Grimace Scale uses facial expression assessment to detect spontaneous pain across a variety of species, including in mice, 50,52,60 rats, 15,24,65,68,87 and cats, 35 and evaluates 4 different facial features that are rated on a severity scale of: 0 (not present), 1 (moderate), or 2 (present and severe) (FIGURE 2C). 50 The Grimace Scale has been reported to detect spontaneous pain in rodent models of neuropathic pain.…”