Psychophysiological responses to the Stroop Task after a maximal cycle ergometry in elite sportsmen and physically active subjects

Moya-Albiol, Luís; Salvador, Alicia; Costa, Raquel; Martı́nez-Sanchis, Sonia; González-Bono, Esperanza; Ricarte, Jorge Javier; Arnedo, M. Teresa

doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(00)00125-2

Cited by 40 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Salivary hormone concentrations in both groups were stable over time, but the pooled T values were higher in the non-elites (vs. elites), which is consistent with prior research [25]. This difference could reflect the greater training volume of the elite group and/or the residual effects of the rugby league games played [31], as a loss in sports competition can potentially depress T secretion for several days [40].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…This seems to be counterintuitive given the greater training volume of the elite group, who also played at least one weekly game in a sport that produces noticeable muscle damage and fatigue [30, 31]. An alternative explanation is that C reflects both physical demands and coping resources, such that well-trained athletes may better tolerate physical and psychological stress [25, 42] and thus, could exhibit similar stress profiles to athletes with lower demands and coping abilities. We did observe large variability in C and the T/C ratio, which is another common feature in sport [20, 26, 27, 31], and one that could influence our ability to detect a hormonal difference between the two study cohorts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been suggested that elite athletes may better utilise hormones than lesser trained men to enable continued adaptation in sport, particularly on an individual level [6]. This could be addressed by comparing elite and non-elite athletes [20, 24, 25, 26], as a framework to characterise hormonal variation and linkage to relevant athletic outputs as a function of training status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Crewther¹,

Carruthers²,

Kilduff³

et al. 2016

Biol Sport

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To advance our understanding of the hormonal contribution to athletic performance, we examined the temporal associations between individual changes in testosterone (T) and/or cortisol (C) concentrations, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men. Two male cohorts classified as elites (n = 12) and non-elites (n = 12) completed five testing sessions over a six-week period. The athletes were tested for salivary T, C, T/C ratio, self-perceived training motivation, countermovement jump (CMJ) height and isometric mid-thigh pull peak force (IMTP PF), after which an actual training workout was performed. The elite men reported higher motivation to train and they produced greater CMJ height overall, whereas the non-elites had higher pooled T levels (p < 0.05). No significant group differences in C concentrations, T/C ratio or IMTP PF were found. The individual changes in T levels were positively associated with training motivation in the elite men only (p = 0.033), but the hormonal and motivation measures did not predict CMJ height or IMTP PF in either group. The monitoring of elite and non-elite men across a short training block revealed differences in T levels, motivation and lower-body power, which may reflect training and competitive factors in each group. Despite having lower T levels, the elite athletes showed better linkage between pre-training T fluctuations and subsequent motivation to train. The nature of the performance tests (i.e. single repetition trials) could partly explain the lack of an association with the hormonal and motivational measures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Crewther¹,

Carruthers²,

Kilduff³

et al. 2016

Biol Sport

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“…For example, hypoglycemia (7 ) or physical exercise (8 ) are potent physiologic stressors, whereas fear (9 ), feelings of inferiority (10,11 ), or experiences at school (12,13 ) can affect the adrenal cortex activity as psychologic stressors. The taking of blood can also influence adrenal steroid concentrations in children; saliva collection, however, is almost stress-free (14 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children

2003

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Very few reference intervals for salivary steroids in children have been established to date (1 ). Even the manufacturers of salivary steroid assays do not provide sufficient reference data for their products. This lack of information is surprising because the measurement of salivary steroids has been accepted as being noninvasive and stress-free (2, 3 ). In particular, psychiatric and neuroendocrinologic experiments are frequently designed with saliva as the medium of choice for steroid analysis (4 -6 ).A large variety of stressors can rapidly affect the adrenal cortex, causing increased adrenal steroid concentrations. For example, hypoglycemia (7 ) or physical exercise (8 ) are potent physiologic stressors, whereas fear (9 ), feelings of inferiority (10, 11 ), or experiences at school (12, 13 ) can affect the adrenal cortex activity as psychologic stressors. The taking of blood can also influence adrenal steroid concentrations in children; saliva collection, however, is almost stress-free (14 ). The use of saliva for steroid analysis in children is therefore an excellent alternative to blood.The aim of our study was to establish age-dependent reference values for salivary cortisol, 17␣-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), and progesterone in a large cohort of healthy children. The availability of such reference intervals will improve the applicability of saliva analysis as a diagnostic tool in pediatric endocrinology.We collected 252 saliva profiles from healthy children and adolescents (125 boys; age range, 4 days to 15 years; 127 girls; age range, 6 days to 13 years) with normal body length/height and weight. None of the girls had developed a regular menstrual cycle. The parents of the children gave informed consent.Saliva was collected either with the Salivette ® , using polyester swabs (Sarstedt), from children Ͼ1 year of age or with modified medical pacifiers (Bü ttner-Frank; see Fig. 1 in the Data Supplement that accompanies the online version of this Technical Brief at http://www.clinchem. org/content/vol49/issue10/) from infants Ͻ1 year. The teats of the pacifiers were perforated, and strips of filter paper, as used for blood-spot collection, were inserted into the teats. The absorbent material had no effect on the steroid analysis in the RIAs, in contrast to the cotton Salivette, particularly for 17OHP (15 ) and progesterone (16 ).Samples were taken three times a day (0700, 1300, and 1900) at home. After sample collection, the saliva was immediately frozen and sent to the laboratory in a cooler. We tried to exclude any potential stressful events; thus the samples were taken only on so-called "quiet" days at home, e. g., days with no school-related stress or sports, or on weekends. All of the children participating in the study lived in an intact familial environment.We used adapted commercial RIAs (DSL), as described in detail elsewhere (17,18 ), that require 50 L of saliva per tube. The sensitivities and intra-and interassay CVs were 0.2 nmol/L (6% and 9.6%) for cortisol, 9 pmol/L (6% and 8.6%) for 17OHP, ...

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“…Electrodermal activity measures arousals in the autonomic nervous system and it has been examined in response to acute stressors (e.g., Lensvelt-Mulders & Hettema, 2001;Moya-Albiol et al, 2001;Svetlak et al, 2013). Ruiz-Robledillo and Moya-Albiol (2015) compared electrodermal activity in caregivers of people with autism spectrum disorder to non-caregiver age-matched controls in investigating the role of chronic stress on body homeostasis.…”

Section: Electrodermal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Stress in Humans

Shih

2016

Act Nerv Super

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The purpose of this literature review is to summarize stress-related research to better understand the mechanisms of stress. The connections between stress and environmental, physiological, as well as neurological factors were examined. Research has shown that stress exposure was related to cognitive dysfunctions, altered attention strategies, reduced capacity to experience pleasure, and higher risktaking tendency in achieving gains. A high level of stress was associated with greater hippocampal volume loss and was found to hinder memory retrieval while enhancing memory consolidation process. Physiologically, high stress levels were linked to shortened telomeres, elevated levels of circulating inflammatory markers, as well as hypoactivation of electrodermal activity and diurnal cortisol in response to stressors. Moreover, prenatal stress exposure was found to be a risk factor that can make an individual vulnerable to develop later stress-related physical and psychological problems. Researchers have also identified protective factors that can buffer individuals from the negative impact of stress.

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Psychophysiological responses to the Stroop Task after a maximal cycle ergometry in elite sportsmen and physically active subjects

Cited by 40 publications

References 45 publications

Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Temporal associations between individual changes in hormones, training motivation and physical performance in elite and non-elite trained men

Circadian Rhythm of Salivary Cortisol, 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone, and Progesterone in Healthy Children

Mechanisms of Stress in Humans

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