Psychotherapy Based on the Principle of Reciprocal Inhibition.

Wolpe, Joseph

doi:10.1037/10575-013

Cited by 727 publications

(993 citation statements)

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“…Systematic desensitization is often applied to help patients overcome phobias and other psychological disorders (Jones, 1924;Wolpe, 1958). It is very well possible that affective habituation is the crucial process underlying the effectiveness of desensitization.…”

Section: A Note On Desensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective habituation: Subliminal exposure to extreme stimuli decreases their extremity.

Dijksterhuis¹,

Smith²

2002

Emotion

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Following a functional perspective on evaluation, the authors hypothesized that subliminal exposure to extreme stimuli (e.g., extremely negative or positive words) would lead these stimuli to be perceived as less extreme. This process-affective habituation-was tested in 4 experiments. In Experiment 1, participants were subliminally exposed to extremely positive and extremely negative words. In a subsequent explicit-judgment task, these words were rated as less extreme than extreme words that had not been presented. In Experiment 2, these results were replicated with an implicit evaluation measure. In Experiments 3 and 4, subliminal exposure to extreme positive and negative words made the words "behave" as words that are only moderately positive or negative. Several implications are discussed.The capacity to quickly classify perceived stimuli either as "positive" and "hospitable" or as "negative" and "threatening" is one of the most vital psychological abilities. In the past 25 years, many theorists and researchers have investigated the psychological processes underlying this ability (Bargh,

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Section: A Note On Desensitizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Affective habituation: Subliminal exposure to extreme stimuli decreases their extremity.

Dijksterhuis¹,

Smith²

2002

Emotion

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“…Wolpe and Rachman, 1960). This view influenced the development of treatment techniques designed to decondition fear such as systematic desensitization (Wolpe, 1958) and implosive therapy (Stampfl and Levis, 1967). Although one cannot infer etiology from treatment response, the success of these techniques probably strengthened the belief that phobias are, indeed, conditioned phenomena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The etiology and maintenance of severe animal phobias

McNally

Steketee

1985

Behaviour Research and Therapy

148

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Summary--Twenty-two outpatients who sought behavioral treatment for a severe animal phobia were questioned via structured interview to obtain information on the mode of onset and course of development of their fear. Information was also obtained regarding feared consequences and distressing stimulus characteristics of their feared animal. In each case, the phobia began in early childhood and remained stable or worsened with age. Mode of onset was unclassifiable in 15 cases (68~) because of patient inability to remember precipitants. Of the remaining 7 patients, 5 ascribed their fear to a frightening encounter with the animal ('conditioning'); indirect ('instructional' and 'vicarious') causes were cited in the remaining cases. Virtually all patients feared panic and its consequences following an unavoidable encounter with the phobic animal, whereas less than half reported fear that the animal would attack. Stimulus features, especially movement, were found to be salient fear-eliciting cues.

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“…A ansiedade eliciada nas situações de avaliação pode ser manejada com técnicas como a respiração diafragmática (Wolpe, 1958), o relaxamento (por exemplo, relaxamento progressivo de Jacobson, 1938), o automonitoramento, a modificação do pensar e o treinamento de habilidades sociais (Oliveira, & Duarte, 2004). Segundo Román e Savoia (2003), a táti-ca e a técnica no desempenho nos esportes (e, no caso do presente estudo, técnicas de direção no desempenho no volante), por exemplo, não mudam de uma semana para a outra, porém os reflexos emocionais sim.…”

Section: Sobre a Avaliação Da Ansiedade: A Análise Funcionalunclassified

Ansiedade em Provas: um Estudo na Obtenção da Licença para Dirigir

Araújo

Borloti

Haydu

2016

Psicol. cienc. prof.

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Resumo: Situações de avaliação geram ansiedade e dentre elas está a prova prática de direção para a obtenção da licença para dirigir, essa ansiedade pode perturbar o desempenho e impedir a obtenção da habilitação. O presente estudo visou analisar: (a) a fundamentação teórica que embasa a intervenção terapêutica em casos de ansiedade em avaliações e provas; e (b) o processo terapêutico de uma cliente que procurou terapia comportamental após tentativas fracassadas na obtenção da licença para dirigir. A relevância da análise funcional da ansiedade e dos repertórios de enfrentamento da ansiedade foi considerada. Em seguida, um estudo de caso foi relatado: uma paciente com um histórico de seis reprovações no teste prático para a obtenção da licença para dirigir e níveis altos de ansiedade. Esse estudo demonstrou que um preparo apropriado e a intervenção terapêutica contribuíram para reduzir a ansiedade e promover a condição necessária para a obtenção da licença para dirigir. Estudos adicionais deverão ser realizados de modo a se obter uma melhor compreensão da relação entre a ansiedade e o desempenho, especialmente no que diz respeito ao processo de obtenção de uma licença para dirigir. Palavras-chave: Análise Funcional, Fobia Específica, Medo de Dirigir, Terapia Comportamental. Anxiety in Tests: a Case Study inObtaining a Driver License Abstract: Tests usually cause anxiety and among them is the practical driving test, this anxiety might disrupt the performance and hinder the achievement of the license. The current study aimed to examine: (a) the theoretical foundation that supports the therapeutic intervention in cases of anxiety during tests, and (b) the therapeutic process of a client who sought behavioral therapy after having failed a number of times in getting his driver license. The relevance of the functional analysis of anxiety, and of the repertoires for coping with it was considered. Then a case study was reported: a patient with high levels of anxiety and with a history of six failures on the practical driving test. This study demonstrated that an appropriate preparation and a therapeutic intervention helped in reducing anxiety and in promoting the necessary condition to obtain the driver license. Additional studies should be conducted to get a better understanding of the relationship between anxiety and performance, particularly regarding the process of obtaining a driver license.

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Psychotherapy Based on the Principle of Reciprocal Inhibition.

Abstract: A good deal of the general expository material in this chapter was previously published in my paper, "Reciprocal Inhibition as the Main Basis of Psychotherapeutic Effects,"

Cited by 727 publications

References 0 publications

Affective habituation: Subliminal exposure to extreme stimuli decreases their extremity.

Affective habituation: Subliminal exposure to extreme stimuli decreases their extremity.

The etiology and maintenance of severe animal phobias

Ansiedade em Provas: um Estudo na Obtenção da Licença para Dirigir

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