Psychotropic drugs and risk of motor vehicle accidents: a population‐based case‐control study

Chang, Chia‐Ming; Wu, Erin Chia Hsuan; Chen, Chuan Yu; Wu, Kuan Yi; Liang, Hsin Yi; Chau, Yeuk Lun; Wu, Chi‐Shin; Lin, Keh Ming; Tsai, Hui Ju

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04410.x

Cited by 54 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…For comparison, the SIR for calcium receptor antagonists was 0.9 (95% CI = 0.5, 1.5). 29 Gustavsen 18 Other investigators have examined simulated driving behavior, which can be informative, but differs from real driving behavior. Eighteen healthy elderly participants were studied by Leufkens and Vermeeren comparing temazepam, zopiclone, and placebo treatment 10 to 11 hours before a standardized driving test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…However, observational research from Canada, the European Union, and Taiwan suggest that sedative medications are associated with increased risk of motor vehicle crashes. 9, 18 We sought to investigate the risk of motor vehicle crash associated with sedative hypnotic use, and compared the crash risk associated with individual sedative medications among enrollees of a large health organization in Washington State.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Sedative Hypnotic Medication Use and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash

et al. 2015

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confidence: 98%

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Sedative Hypnotic Medication Use and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash

et al. 2015

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“…For instance, road traffic accidents,7,8 abuse,9,10 falls11 and cognitive impairment12 are possible outcomes of psychotropic medications if these medications are inappropriately used by a patient who self-prescribes. In 2007, the Food and Drug Administration updated a black box warning on all antidepressants to include warnings on increased risks of suicidal thinking and behavior in patients younger than 25 years during initial treatment stage 13.…”

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confidence: 99%

Patients reasons for obtaining psychotropic medications without a prescription at retail pharmacies in Central Saudi Arabia

Alosaimi

Alruwais

Alanazi

et al. 2016

NSJ

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Objective:To explore the possible causes behind adults seeking psychotropic medications without a prescription; identify the most commonly used psychotropic medications without a prescription; and determine the prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among adults who used psychotropic medications without a prescription in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to August 2015. A convenience sample was taken by distributing a self-administered questionnaire among participants who had obtained psychotropic medications without a prescription from retail pharmacies during the 4 weeks prior to study intake in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. In addition to the study questionnaire, the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used to screen for major depressive disorder, and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale was used to screen for general anxiety disorders.Results:Of the 302 subjects, 42.4% attributed their use of psychotropic medications without a prescription to the non-seriousness of their symptoms and 28.5% to the high cost of psychiatric services. Escitalopram was the most commonly used medication (31.8%), and 3 atypical antipsychotics were used by more than one-fifth of the study participants. The prevalence for major depressive disorder was 46.0% and 41.7% for generalized anxiety disorder.Conclusions:Most of the participants were able to easily obtain psychotropic medications without a prescription. We recommend implementing strong policies to prevent retail pharmacies from dispensing psychotropic medications without a prescription.

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“…Although their toxicology profile is favourable compared with other hypnotic drugs and sedatives, such as barbiturates, their long-term use has been associated with physiological tolerance, dependence and addiction. [1][2][3] Harm, supported by various levels of evidence, has been widely reported and includes higher risk of falls and fractures, [4][5][6] motor vehicle collisions 7 and cognitive disturbances particularly among older people. 8 Newer non-benzodiazepine agents (i.e., zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon), commonly called Z-drugs, are indicated for sleep disorders.…”

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Use of benzodiazepines and related drugs in Manitoba: a population-based study

et al. 2014

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Background: Despite their favourable toxicology profile, benzodiazepines and the related Z-drugs (zopiclone, zolpidem and zaleplon) have been associated with physiological tolerance, dependence and addiction. Evidence of harm (e.g., falls, motor vehicle collisions and cognitive disturbances) has been reported in older populations. The aim of this study was to determine the relation between users' characteristics and the use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in Manitoba over a 16-year period. Methods:This time-series analysis was based on prescription data from Apr. 1, 1996, to Mar. 31, 2012, obtained from the Drug Product Information Network database of Manitoba. We obtained sociodemographic information on benzodiazepine and Z-drug users from the Population Registry and determined changes in utilization rates over time using generalized estimating equations.Results: Overall, the prevalence of benzodiazepine use remained stable at about 61.0 per 1000 population between 1996/97 and 2011/12; however, the prevalence of Z-drug use increased steadily from 10.9 to 37.0 per 1000 over the same period. In older people (≥ 65 yr), the incidence of benzodiazepine use decreased from 55.5 to 30.3 users per 1000, whereas the incidence of Z-drug use increased from 7.3 to 20.3 users per 1000 over the study period. Among those 18-64 years of age, the incidence of benzodiazepine use decreased from 30.1 to 27.6 users per 1000, but the increase in incidence of Z-drug use was more than 2-fold. The youngest population (≤ 17 yr) showed the lowest rates of use of these drugs. The highest rates of use were observed among older women and the low-income population.Interpretation: Over the study period, benzodiazepines have been prescribed less frequently to older patients in Manitoba; however, zopiclone prescribing has continued to increase for all age groups. The reasons for this increase remain to be determined. AbstractCMAJ OPEN, 2(4) E209 Research CMAJ OPEN Methods Study populationAll Manitoba residents registered with the provincial health care system who were prescribed a benzodiazepine or a Z-drug between 1996/97 and 2011/12 were included. No age restrictions were applied, but patients were stratified by sex and age (0-17, 18-64 and ≥ 65 yr). Location of residence (urban v. rural) and socioeconomic status were also assessed. According to validated definitions, 23 incident (new) users were defined as people who had not received a prescription for any of the medications of interest in the year before receiving their first prescription, while prevalent users for each fiscal year were defined as people who had received at least 1 pres cription for a medication of interest that year.

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Psychotropic drugs and risk of motor vehicle accidents: a population‐based case‐control study

Cited by 54 publications

References 36 publications

Sedative Hypnotic Medication Use and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash

Sedative Hypnotic Medication Use and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash

Patients reasons for obtaining psychotropic medications without a prescription at retail pharmacies in Central Saudi Arabia

Use of benzodiazepines and related drugs in Manitoba: a population-based study

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