PubertyThis chapter is based in part on the chapter by Susman and Dorn .

Child abuse, disruptive behavior disorders, depression, and salivary cortisol levels among institutionalized and community‐residing boys in Mongolia

“…The small sample size of only 46 boys constrains extrapolation of our findings. This a problem of the field in general where most samples are not greater than 60 boys in a single study (Targum et al, 1990;Stoff et al, 1992;Gispen-de Wied et al, 1998;van Goozen et al, 1998;McBurnett et al, 2000;Scarpa et al, 2000;Carrion et al, 2002;van de Wiel et al, 2004;Hruschka et al, 2005;Oosterlaan et al, 2005;Susman et al, 2007;Yang et al, 2007). Our study did have the advantage of analyzing 8 to 12 readings per child, whereas most studies based their claims of cortisol and psychopathology association on 3 or 4 cortisol readings per child.…”

“…Boys with DBD display hypocortisolism similar to adults with antisocial personality disorder (Pajer et al, 2001;Kariyawasam et al, 2002;Popma et al, 2006;Susman et al, 2007). Aggression-related symptoms more strongly associate with hypocortisolism than non-aggression symptoms (Oosterlaan et al, 2005).…”