Public Blockchains Scalability: An Examination of Sharding and Segregated Witness

Singh, Amritraj; Parizi, Reza M.; Han, Meng; Dehghantanha, Ali; Choo, Kim‐Kwang Raymond

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-38181-3_11

Cited by 33 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…ere are several solutions proposed in the literature to solve the scalability issue. In this study, we classify these solutions into three categories in Table 1 according to the blockchain technical logic architecture: Layer 0 solutions (e.g., BDN [8] and bloXroute [9]), Layer 1 solutions (e.g., Segregated Witness [10], DAG [11][12][13], sharding [14][15][16][17], and consensus [18][19][20]), and Layer 2 solutions (e.g., state channels [21], side chain [22], crosschain [23], and off-chain computation [24]). Layer 0 solutions are designed for improving the scalability by changing the underlying data transmission protocol of blockchain; Layer 1 solutions are designed for improving the scalability by changing the basic blockchain protocol such as block data structure, consensus algorithms, and incentive measures; and Layer 2 solutions are designed for improving the scalability through the off-chain methods at the application layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comprehensive Survey on Sharding in Blockchains

Zou

et al. 2021

Mobile Information Systems

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Blockchain technology has been widely used in many fields, such as smart cities, smart health care, and smart manufacturing, due to its anonymity, decentralization, and tamper resistance in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. However, poor scalability has severely affected the widespread adoption of traditional blockchain technology in high-throughput and low-latency applications. Therefore, based on the three-layer architecture, this study presents a variety of solutions to improve the scalability of the blockchain. As the scale of the network expands, one of the most practical ways to achieve horizontal scalability is sharding, where the network is divided into multiple subnetworks to avoid repeated communication overhead, storage, and calculations. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive introduction to blockchain sharding, along with a detailed comparison and evaluation for primarily considered sharding mechanisms. We also provide the detailed calculations and then analyze the characteristics of existing solutions along with our insights.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…New blockchain-based sharding solutions have been proposed in recent studies [10,[25][26][27][28]. Surveys of blockchain scalability [29][30][31][32][33][34] that only focused on vertical scaling and reducing overhead have been gradually taking blockchain sharding into account.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comprehensive Survey on Sharding in Blockchains

Zou

et al. 2021

Mobile Information Systems

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“…Another action with the same goal that has been proposed is to reduce the size of transactions so that more of them can fit in a block. Such approaches have been implemented in Bitcoin Unlimited [16] and by Bitcoin's Segregated Witness [17], but neither of those methods has brought significant improvements to the situation.…”

Section: A Blockchain Scalability Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain State Channels: A State of the Art

Negka

Σπαθούλας²

2021

IEEE Access

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Blockchain technology has been quite popular during recent years and it finally seems to present a significant rise with respect to its use for real-world applications. This advancement has brought up a critical challenge that public blockchain systems face, which is scalability. Most of the currently deployed systems fail to cope with increasing usage. In order to provide the promised security guarantees, large delays and high usage fees are imposed for submitted transactions and thus widespread adoption of the technology is hindered. A number of different approaches have been proposed to increase the capacity of blockchain systems with respect to processing transactions. The present survey focuses on one of the most popular ones, that of state channels, and to the extent of our knowledge constitutes the first collective survey of research in this field. An extensive analysis of relevant publications is conducted and a general view on the domain is provided. We have identified the limitations discussed through all relevant research efforts along with the various features that differentiate proposed designs. A comparison between retrieved papers is carried out on the basis of those limitations and features. Finally, future research directions are analysed while the role of state channels in the general public blockchain ecosystem is also discussed.

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“…It may be possible to apply the proposed lightweight DL scheme directly to BC networks to reduce the data stored at each node, but this would require an additional protocol for the division of the BC encryption protocols between multiple nodes. Such protocols have been discussed in literature [15]. Let the total nodes in the network be represented by N .…”

Section: Application To Blockchain Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Distributed Ledger with Trust-Based Data Aggregation for a Lightweight IoT Network

Deshprabhu

Coon

Badiu

2021

2021 17th International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS)

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This paper addresses the need for a secure data management framework for lightweight Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Existing approaches rely on capable nodes or external cloud technology to carry out key functions for the lightweight IoT nodes, such as data processing, storage or routing. Instead, this paper considers a fully lightweight network or an existing network where the more capable nodes have failed. We propose a novel data management framework using a lightweight distributed ledger for IoT networks. This includes a trust-based data aggregation protocol in which data from untrustworthy nodes is not disregarded, but is instead utilised to strengthen the aggregation result. MATLAB simulations show that the proposed aggregation scheme infers data with high accuracy for both trustworthy and untrustworthy networks. Neutral networks exhibit a higher error rate but the maximum error rate decreases for larger networks.

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Public Blockchains Scalability: An Examination of Sharding and Segregated Witness

Cited by 33 publications

References 38 publications

A Comprehensive Survey on Sharding in Blockchains

A Comprehensive Survey on Sharding in Blockchains

Blockchain State Channels: A State of the Art

A Distributed Ledger with Trust-Based Data Aggregation for a Lightweight IoT Network

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