Public childcare provision and employment participation of East and West German mothers with different educational backgrounds

Zoch, Gundula

doi:10.1177/0958928719892843

Cited by 25 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Accordingly, research in Germany has identified particularly strong effects of full-time care on FLP in general (Boll and Lagemann 2019;Büchel and Spieß 2002). Similarly, full-time care was found to increase the likelihood of full-time employment (Zoch 2020) and part-time employment (20-35 hours) in West Germany (Müller and Wrohlich 2020). Even though the relative importance (in terms of effect magnitude) of full-time care compared to general care provision is not without question (e.g., Boll and Lagemann 2019;Müller and Wrohlich 2020), we assume that, in general, full-time places make it easier to reconcile work and family, and offer greater labor market opportunities than general care provision.…”

Section: Theory and Empirical Research On Public Childcare And Female...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the overall effect becomes insignificant when controlling for county-specific time trends, while the effect of full-time care net of county-specific time trends is not reported (Müller and Wrohlich 2020, Table A-5). Zoch (2020), by combining the childcare data with the SOEP and drawing on multinomial models with an entropy matching procedure, reports a positive relationship between the availability of full-time places for toddlers and maternal employment.…”

Section: Theory and Empirical Research On Public Childcare And Female...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The childcare reforms in Germany are well suited to analyzing the effects of childcare policies on FLP, for three reasons: (1) childcare places for toddlers (0-2) more than doubled during the analyzed decade (2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017) in West Germany, (2) the share of full-time childcare places for children aged 3-5 increased by 57% in this decade, and (3) Germany is a federal country with heterogeneous regions that have vastly different enrollment rates for childcare and rich data. Thus, a wide range of literature studies the extensive and intensive margins of public childcare in Germany (Boll and Lagemann 2019;Müller and Wrohlich 2020;Schober and Spieß 2015;Zoch 2020;Zoch and Hondralis 2017), including research on the moderating effects of policy reforms, costs, quality of care, availability, and the influence on gender ideologies (Zoch and Schober 2018). The studies usually utilize individual data, while some more recent studies utilize within-country variation in macro-data panels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017

Neuberger¹,

Rüttenauer²,

Bujard³

2022

DemRes

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BACKGROUNDPublic childcare provision and female labor force participation (FLP) have strongly increased over the past decades in European societies. However, studies offer heterogeneous findings on the link between public childcare and FLP. OBJECTIVEWe investigate the link between public childcare and FLP, using different indicators of childcare and accounting for heterogeneous time trends and regional heterogeneity. METHODSBased on a balanced panel of all German counties from 2007 to 2017, we estimate the effect of an increasing enrollment rate for children aged 0-2 and 3-5 on FLP. We compare fixed effect (FE) and fixed effect individual slope estimators (FEIS) to control for county-specific time trends. Subsequently, we compare the results across regions with different levels of urbanization. RESULTSWe find that most FE results are biased due to selection on trends. Still, when accounting for selection on trends, childcare enrollment for the age group 0-2 increases FLP in West Germany and in urban areas. Furthermore, childcare enrollment for children aged 3-5 years is associated with higher FLP in West Germany, in rural and, most strongly, in metropolitan areas. CONCLUSIONSOur study highlights important heterogeneity in the general time trends of FLP and the effectiveness of childcare arrangements across different regions in Germany.

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Section: Theory and Empirical Research On Public Childcare And Female...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theory and Empirical Research On Public Childcare And Female...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017

Neuberger¹,

Rüttenauer²,

Bujard³

2022

DemRes

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“…With the dominant modernised male-breadwinner model in Germany, men rarely reduce their working hours after childbirth (Zoch 2020). Hence, full-time working mothers usually also have full-time working partners, whereas the opposite is not the case.…”

Section: Division Of Paid and Unpaid Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childcare, work or worries? What explains the decline in parents' well-being at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?

Vicari¹,

Zoch²,

Bächmann³

2022

JFamRes

Self Cite

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Objective: We examine how care arrangements, general and altered working conditions, and worries influenced subjective well-being at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic for working parents in Germany. Background: Prior research suggests several reasons for declines in subjective well-being, particularly for working mothers. We employ Pearlin's (1989) stress process model to explore the role of parental childcare, altered working conditions and amplified worries of working parents in terms of increased stressors and modified resources to cope with the extraordinary situation. Method: We use data from two starting cohorts from the National Educational Panel Study and its supplementary COVID-19 web survey from spring 2020 to examine possible heterogeneities in contextual factors for individual-level changes in the well-being of working mothers and fathers. Results: We confirm a more pronounced decline in well-being for working mothers than fathers. Part-time work and access to emergency care reduce the gender gap in decreased well-being. Conversely, young children in the household and personal worries are associated with lower well-being for both parents. However, we cannot explain the more significant decrease in mothers’ well-being by increased childcare responsibilities or altered working conditions. Conclusion: A greater decline in well-being indicates a particular burden among working mothers. However, it cannot be linked solely to gendered inequalities in the changes of paid and unpaid work during the first months of the pandemic.

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“…Previous literature on the reforms of the third phase has indicated a positive relationship between public childcare provision and maternal employment (Boll and Lagemann, 2019). Mothers with at least a vocational degree, with a second child, and who had access to full-time childcare profited most (Zoch, 2020).…”

Section: Employment Opportunities and Public Childcarementioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term trends in the gender income gap within couples. West-Germany, 1978-2011

Haupt¹,

Strauß²,

Saile³

2021

Preprint

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Over the past 50 years, women in Western societies have increased their level of education and their participation in the labour market. Nevertheless, they continue to contribute significantly less to a couple’s income than their male partners. Here, we ask how the gender income gap within couples has changed over the past decades and in which groups it has decreased or increased. We synthesize streams of argumentation regarding the sources of changes in the gap into one broad perspective on the changing opportunities available to coupled women to convert their income potential into actual income contributions, and how this relates to the income trends of their male counterparts. Using German Microcensus data, we show that West German women contributed 16.5% to couples’ income in 1978 and had increased their contribution to 30.1% by 2011. Our decompositions reveal that women contributed to this mostly by changes in composition, namely due to being more highly educated and working longer hours. Women contributed very little due to increased income returns. Income trends of non-working women are a notable exception. In contrast, men contributed to the trend with changes in income returns. Their higher education and full-time premiums have been a strong counter to the overall trend.

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Public childcare provision and employment participation of East and West German mothers with different educational backgrounds

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017

Where does public childcare boost female labor force participation? Exploring geographical heterogeneity across Germany 2007–2017

Childcare, work or worries? What explains the decline in parents' well-being at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?

Long-term trends in the gender income gap within couples. West-Germany, 1978-2011

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