Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport

Woodcock, James; Edwards, Phil; Tonne, Cathryn; Armstrong, Ben; Ashiru, Olu; Banister, David; Beevers, Sean; Chalabi, Zaid; Chowdhury, Zohir; Cohen, Aarón; Franco, Oscar H.; Haines, Andy; Hickman, Robin; Lindsay, Graeme; Mittal, Ishaan; Mohan, Dinesh; Tiwari, Geetam; Woodward, Alistair; Roberts, Ian

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61714-1

Cited by 924 publications

(667 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…However, there were also some exceptions. For example, Maizlish et al [34] and Woodcock et al [35,36], who evaluated the mode of transport shift to active travel in whole population. In one study, Johansson et al [37], individual data on people’s home and work addresses were used, as well as their age, sex, and expected physical capacity, in order to establish realistic bicycle travel distances.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The health impacts of increased physical activity resulting from increased cycling were evaluated in all studies. Physical activity was mainly reported as distance or time spent in active travel, except in seven studies – Dhondt et al [40], Maizlish et al [34], Woodcock et al [35,36,39], Buekers et al [47] and Rojas-Rueda et al [43] – where it was expressed as metabolic equivalent of task (MET) hours per week. All except two studies – Holm et al [42] and Xia et al [46] – measured physical activity as a continuous variable and employed published risk estimates to evaluate the health impacts of increased cycling.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, PM2.5 was primarily used for health impact calculations because of its strong association with health outcomes [54], because it is an indicator that can avoid double counting [42], and because of the difficulty in determining the exposure with other gaseous pollutants and the nonsignificant association between gaseous pollutants and health outcomes [49,55]. Woodcock et al [35] modeled PM10 assuming that changes in PM10 concentration within transport scenarios were in the PM2.5 size range. Dhondt et al [40] selected elemental carbon (EC) for their analysis due to its sensitivity to combustion-related emissions, for example, diesel exhaust, and to its high relevance to health compared with PM.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One difference between the approaches is whether or not established emission factors were used and how detailed these are reported in the paper. Some papers give a reference to how emissions were calculated (typically from vehicle fleet, flow, speed, and published emission factors) [34,35,37,40,41,48,50], whereas a few report the emission factors explicitly in the text [36,46,49]. Buekers et al [47] did not use emission factors; instead, they used the proportion of the concentration originating from traffic.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the exposure-response function between traffic air pollution and mortality, most of the studies used a RR of 1.06 per 10 µg/m 3 increment in the annual average PM2.5, except Woodcock et al [35,36,39] and Dhondt et al [40], regardless of the exposure levels. This is in line with the recent WHO Review of Evidence on Health Aspects of Air Pollution (REVIHAAP) [97] that concluded that recent long-term studies show associations between PM and mortality at levels well below the current WHO air quality guideline level for PM2.5 (10 μg/m 3 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

Raza

Forsberg

Johansson

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Background: Promotion of active commuting provides substantial health and environmental benefits by influencing air pollution, physical activity, accidents, and noise. However, studies evaluating intervention and policies on a mode shift from motorized transport to cycling have estimated health impacts with varying validity and precision. Objective: To review and discuss the estimation of air pollution exposure and its impacts in health impact assessment studies of a shift in transport from cars to bicycles in order to guide future assessments. Methods: A systematic database search of PubMed was done primarily for articles published from January 2000 to May 2016 according to PRISMA guidelines. Results: We identified 18 studies of health impact assessment of change in transport mode. Most studies investigated future hypothetical scenarios of increased cycling. The impact on the general population was estimated using a comparative risk assessment approach in the majority of these studies, whereas some used previously published cost estimates. Air pollution exposure during cycling was estimated based on the ventilation rate, the pollutant concentration, and the trip duration. Most studies employed exposure-response functions from studies comparing background levels of fine particles between cities to estimate the health impacts of local traffic emissions. The effect of air pollution associated with increased cycling contributed small health benefits for the general population, and also only slightly increased risks associated with fine particle exposure among those who shifted to cycling. However, studies calculating health impacts based on exposure-response functions for ozone, black carbon or nitrogen oxides found larger effects attributed to changes in air pollution exposure. Conclusion: A large discrepancy between studies was observed due to different health impact assessment approaches, different assumptions for calculation of inhaled dose and different selection of dose-response functions. This kind of assessments would improve from more holistic approaches using more specific exposure-response functions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

Raza

Forsberg

Johansson

et al. 2018

Global Health Action

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Climate Change

Patz

Frumkin

Holloway

et al. 2014

JAMA

408

152

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IMPORTANCE Health is inextricably linked to climate change. It is important for clinicians to understand this relationship in order to discuss associated health risks with their patients and to inform public policy. OBJECTIVES To provide new US-based temperature projections from downscaled climate modeling and to review recent studies on health risks related to climate change and the cobenefits of efforts to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. DATA SOURCES, STUDY SELECTION, AND DATA SYNTHESIS We searched PubMed and Google Scholar from 2009 to 2014 for articles related to climate change and health, focused on governmental reports, predictive models, and empirical epidemiological studies. Of the more than 250 abstracts reviewed, 56 articles were selected. In addition, we analyzed climate data averaged over 13 climate models and based future projections on downscaled probability distributions of the daily maximum temperature for 2046–2065. We also compared maximum daily 8-hour average ozone with air temperature data taken from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climate Data Center. RESULTS By 2050, many US cities may experience more frequent extreme heat days. For example, New York and Milwaukee may have 3 times their current average number of days hotter than 32°C (90°F). High temperatures are also strongly associated with ozone exceedance days, for example, in Chicago, Illinois. The adverse health aspects related to climate change may include heat-related disorders, such as heat stress and economic consequences of reduced work capacity; respiratory disorders, including those exacerbated by air pollution and aeroallergens, such as asthma; infectious diseases, including vectorborne diseases and waterborne diseases, such as childhood gastrointestinal diseases; food insecurity, including reduced crop yields and an increase in plant diseases; and mental health disorders, such as posttraumatic stress disorder and depression, that are associated with natural disasters. Substantial health and economic cobenefits could be associated with reductions in fossil fuel combustion. For example, greenhouse gas emission policies may yield net economic benefit, with health benefits from air quality improvements potentially offsetting the cost of US and international carbon policies. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Evidence over the past 20 years indicates that climate change can be associated with adverse health outcomes. Health care professionals have an important role in understanding and communicating the related potential health concerns and the cobenefits from policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

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Mobility management for prevented, reduced, or delayed driving in teenagers

Ward

Weiss

2011

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Public health benefits of strategies to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions: urban land transport

Cited by 924 publications

References 37 publications

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling

Climate Change

Mobility management for prevented, reduced, or delayed driving in teenagers

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