Public Health Impact of Reemergence of Rabies, New York

Chang, Hwa-Gan; Eidson, Millicent; Noonan-Toly, Candace M.; Trimarchi, Charles V.; Rudd, Robert J.; Wallace, Barbara J.; Smith, Perry F.; Morse, Dale L.

doi:10.3201/eid0809.010524

Cited by 55 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…This highlights the critical prevention message of having cats vaccinated and of avoiding stray cat exposure, to eliminate the risk of rabies as well as the expense associated with testing and postexposure prophylaxis. The costs associated with preventing rabies are substantial Chang et al, 2002;Shwiff et al, 2007). Raccoon rabies spread across Massachusetts from two distinct foci of introduction in 1992, one in the northcentral part of the state and one in the extreme southwestern corner, as shown in Figure 3.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Wang

Werner

Konomi

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:In this study, we review annual rabies data from Massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. Of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/ 52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. Bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (Procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis, 34.4%, 1,489 of 4,332), bats (5.3%, 427 of 8,053), foxes (red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 16.3%, 135 of 827), cats (0.8%, 136 of 18,050), and woodchucks (Marmota monax, 5.7%, 82 of 1,446). Cats were the most frequently tested animal (34.7%). Raccoon strain rabies spread from two foci of introduction with an initial epizootic phase of 4 yr, by which time most of the state was affected. In 1992, there was a transition from enzootic bat rabies, with little spillover to other animals, to terrestrial rabies associated with raccoon strain virus. Although raccoons were most affected by the raccoon strain virus, there was spillover to other species, particularly to skunks. The eastern United States raccoon rabies epizootic led to a marked increase in submissions for rabies testing and the number of positive animals detected; however, bat rabies cases remained at their previous levels. Wild animal rabies presents a significant threat to humans and domestic/companion animals and increased costs related to increased demand for rabies testing, postexposure prophylaxis as well as euthanasia of valuable domestic animals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Wang

Werner

Konomi

et al. 2009

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…Studies of the potential local and regional costs of rabiescaused expenses within the US have been published (i.e., Uhaa et al, 1992;Kriendel et al, 1998;Chang et al, 2002; Shwiff et al, submitted for publication). Most of these have focused on direct and indirect medical expenses.…”

Section: Empirical Estimates Of Rabies Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling wildlife rabies: Transmission, economics, and conservation

Sterner

Smith²

2006

Biological Conservation

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Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease of mammals; it exacerbates the uncertainty of conserving populations of some threatened mammals (TM). Modelling affords an inexpensive, a priori way of studying key parameters of wildlife rabies transmission, rabies management economics, and TM conservation. Numerous models of rabies transmission have been published. Linear density dependent models predicted that a threshold density (K T 6 1.0), possibly attained by culling or contraception, would eliminate an epizootic through reduced contacts among host animals. Density independent models predicted less advantage of culling and contraception in rabies control due to limited contacts among territorial host animals. Recent stochastic, mixed models offer novel predictions about the role of culling, fertility control, and oral rabies vaccination (ORV) in disease management. Use of a ''threshold successful contact'' rate (C T ) as a parameter in these models predicts that density reduction of host animals will enhance ORV campaigns in non-TM contexts via more efficient bait delivery and vaccination. Economic analyses of medical, public health, and veterinary costs have shown post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and increased pet vaccinations (PV) to be major rabies-caused expenses during and after epizootics in North America.No modelling efforts have examined either the benefits-costs of rabies management strategies to conserve TM or the use of ORV, per se, to conserve TM -an omission due in part to the lack of methodologies for properly valuing TM (potential savings) and the expense or lower priority of using ORV for TM protection. This paper: (1) describes key aspects of rabies-transmission models in wildlife, (2) posits the use of C T to predict disease persistence, (3) reviews selected ORV strategies, economic studies, and benefit-cost models associated with the use of ORV as a means of rabies control in non-TM situations, (4) discusses implications of these models to the conservation of TM, and (5) recommends five steps to improve modelling of rabies transmission (wildlife disease in general), rabies-control economics, and TM conservation.

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“…Several studies have shown that memory response to a booster dose may be induced years after primary immunization, even among those whose antibody titres fell below the 0.5 IU/ml threshold considered protective (26,27). Malerczyk et al reported an anamnestic response to a booster dose in individuals vaccinated 15 years earlier (25) and other studies report an anamnestic response to a booster dose to up to 21 years after primary immunization (6).…”

Section: Interval Between the Third Dose And The Serological Test (Wementioning

confidence: 94%

“…In recent years, the emergence of rabies was observed in southern Quebec with the migration of a new strain of raccoon rabies from the United States (27,28). Participants in this study were veterinary students working in an enzootic area.…”

Section: Interval Between the Third Dose And The Serological Test (Wementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity and feasibility of intradermal vaccination against rabies in Quebec

Bui

et al. 2015

CCDR

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Objectives: Preexposure vaccination against rabies is recommended for some travellers and individuals exposed to the virus through their work. At a cost of at least $150 per intramuscular (IM) dose, few follow this recommendation. In Canada, provided certain conditions are met, the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) and the Comité d'immunisation du Québec allow a more economical alternative, intradermal vaccine administration (ID) which uses 1/10 the IM dose. The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility and immunogenicity of intradermal preexposure vaccination. Methods:Students and employees at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine received three doses of ImovaxRage™ (Sanofi Pasteur) inactivated, human diploid cell rabies vaccine at days 0, 7 and 21 or 28. An IM or ID booster dose was administered after two years when indicated.Outcomes: Among the 159 participants who received three doses, 139 underwent serological testing in the year following vaccination and all achieved protective antibody levels. The antibody level was higher when measured within five weeks of the third dose. When the serological control was performed two years later, 65% of participants had a <0.5 IU/ml titre. Of the 22/30 participants who chose an ID booster, 100% responded and the average antibody titres were multiplied by 11, indicating a strong anamnestic response.Discussion: ID rabies vaccination is immunogenic, economic and could be considered for the booster dose. Protective antibodies decline rapidly after primary immunization by ID, so it would seem prudent to perform a serological control one year later on individuals at high risk of occult occupational exposure. An alternative would be to give these individuals a routine ID booster dose one year after primary vaccination, which would simplify initial treatment and reduce related costs (follow-up, blood sampling, serological tests, etc.). The persistence of protective antibodies after this booster dose should be assessed to determine the need for subsequent serological tests and the ideal interval between tests.

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Public Health Impact of Reemergence of Rabies, New York

Cited by 55 publications

References 20 publications

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Animal Rabies in Massachusetts, 1985–2006

Modelling wildlife rabies: Transmission, economics, and conservation

Immunogenicity and feasibility of intradermal vaccination against rabies in Quebec

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