Public health performance of sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India: Initial perspectives based on E. coli release

Manga, Musa; Kolsky, Pete; Rosenboom, Jan Willem; Ramalingam, Sudha; Sriramajayam, Lavanya; Bartram, Jamie; Stewart, J R

doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113987

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Globally, faecal sludge management is a growing challenge, especially in the low- and middle-income countries, where delivery of sanitation services in terms of sustainable faecal sludge (FS) treatment facilities is largely still lacking [ 1 ]. Consequently, FS is collected from the on-site sanitation systems and re-used in agriculture or indiscriminately disposed of into the environment without any treatment, leading to severe public health and environmental risks [ 2 , 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Faecal Sludge: Nitrogen, Carbon and Organic Matter Transformation during Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge with Different Bulking Agents

Manga

Evans

Ngasala

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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This study investigated the effect of locally available bulking agents on the faecal sludge (FS) composting process and quality of the final FS compost. Dewatered FS was mixed with sawdust, coffee husk and brewery waste, and composted on a pilot scale. The evolution of physical and chemical characteristics of the composting materials was monitored weekly. Results indicate that bulking agents have a statistically significant effect (p < 0.0001) on the evolution of composting temperatures, pH, electrical conductivity, nitrogen forms, organic matter mineralisation, total organic carbon, maturity indices, quality of the final compost and composting periods during FS composting. Our results suggest reliable maturity indices for mature and stable FS compost. From the resource recovery perspective, this study suggests sawdust as a suitable bulking agent for co-composting with FS—as it significantly reduced the organic matter losses and nitrogen losses (to 2.2%), and improved the plant growth index, thus improving the agronomic values of the final compost as a soil conditioner. FS co-composting can be considered a sustainable and decentralised treatment option for FS and other organic wastes in the rural and peri-urban communities, especially, where there is a strong practice of reusing organic waste in agriculture.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Faecal Sludge: Nitrogen, Carbon and Organic Matter Transformation during Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge with Different Bulking Agents

Manga

Evans

Ngasala

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…OWTS are multistage systems which make use of a combination of technology and natural processes to collect and treat wastewater. The treated effluent is released into the environment through a dispersal unit which makes use of a network of soil infiltration trenches (leach field) where the effluent is further treated as it percolates through the vadose zone prior to discharge to local groundwater (Lamichhane, 2007;Manga et al, 2022a). Domestic on-site wastewater is made up of human faeces, urine, cleansing material, flush water and at times grey water and contains various pollutants which include organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD)), nutrients (i.e., nitrogen and phosphorous) (Table 1), pathogens, heavy metals, pharmaceutical, and personal care products (PPCPs) (Manga et al, 2016;Martikainen et al, 2018;Guruge et al, 2019;Farkas et al, 2020;Semiyaga et al, 2022;Tokwaro et al, 2023).…”

Section: Composition Of Domestic Onsite Wastewatermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although these systems are costeffective, they are unsustainable due to their inability to properly treat human excreta. Furthermore, the liquid released from these systems into the surrounding soils is a source of environmental pollution and a threat to public health and environmental quality (Manga et al, 2022a;Capone et al, 2022). One such system is the septic tank discharging to a soak away pit, that is currently in use by about 1.7 billion people worldwide and is considered a minimum standard for use in public/congregated places in some developing nations (WHO and UNICEF, 2021).…”

Section: Graphical Abstract 1 Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar as a novel technology for treatment of onsite domestic wastewater: A critical review

Muoghalu

Owusu²,

Lebu³

et al. 2023

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Globally, about 2.7 billion people depend on onsite sanitation systems (OSS) (e.g., septic tanks) for their sanitation needs. Although onsite sanitation systems help in providing primary treatment for domestic wastewater, they don’t effectively remove nutrients, pathogens, and other inorganic contaminants. Previous studies have posited that the use of post treatment systems which incorporate biochar leads to improved contaminant removal efficiency. However, the mechanism through which contaminants are removed and factors potentially affecting the removal are still understudied. To fill this knowledge gaps, this review discusses factors which affect efficiency of biochar in removing contaminants found in onsite domestic wastewater, modifications applied to improve the efficiency of biochar in removing contaminants, mechanisms through which different contaminants are removed and constraints in the use of biochar for onsite wastewater treatment. It was noted that the removal of contaminants involves a combination of mechanisms which include adsorption, filtration, biodegradation, ion exchange, pore entrapment. The combination of these mechanisms is brought about by the synergy between the properties of biochar and microbes trapped in the biofilm on the surface of the biochar. Future areas of research such as the modification of biochar, use of biochar in the removal of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs), application of wet carbonization methods and resistance of biochar to physical disintegration are also discussed. This study provides useful information that can be applied in the use of biochar for the treatment of wastewater and guide future design of treatment systems for optimized treatment performance.

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“…Globally, about 3.6 billion people lack access to safely managed sanitation services (UNICEF/WHO, 2020). For Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC), the most common types of sanitation facilities used by people are On-Site Sanitation (OSS) systems, which include pit latrines, flush toilets, aqua privies, and septic tanks (Afolabi and Sohail, 2016;Akumuntu et al, 2017;Manga, et al, 2019;Manga et al, 2022b). The use of OSS leads to the accumulation of Faecal Sludge (FS), which needs to be desludged and transported to the designated disposal sites or the FS treatment facilities for treatment before disposal to ensure the wellbeing of the users as well as the protection of the surrounding environment (Junglen et al, 2020;Manga et al, 2021;Manga et al, 2022a;Tokwaro et al, 2023).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Faecal sludge emptying in Sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia: A systematic review of emptying technology choices, challenges, and improvement initiatives

Muoghalu

Semiyaga

Manga

2023

Front. Environ. Sci.

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The emptying and transport of faecal sludge (FS) is a fundamental aspect of the sanitation service chain and is mostly carried out by private operators who usually face a lot of challenges. Our review assessed how influencing factors and challenges FS emptiers face are linked and in turn how they act as barriers to improvement initiatives. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed journals on FS emptying in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia published between January 2002 and December 2021. Amongst the 37 journals reviewed, accessibility was mostly documented (n = 18) as a factor which affected choice of emptying method, followed by cost (n = 14), quality of service (n = 13) and then sludge thickness (n = 8). We grouped the types of challenges identified from the publications into five categories of financial, technical and institutional (n = 14, each), followed by health (n = 12) and then social challenges (n = 8). Discussions on initiatives (n = 13) used to improve the emptying business were limited to Cost/affordability of sanitation services and access to finance by FS emptiers, which were noted to be the major barriers to effective implementation of these strategies. This review identified the need for sensitizing the public on FS emptying, financial modelling of manual emptying business and a need to study the relationship between perceptions and emptying behavior of users.

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Public health performance of sanitation technologies in Tamil Nadu, India: Initial perspectives based on E. coli release

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Recycling of Faecal Sludge: Nitrogen, Carbon and Organic Matter Transformation during Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge with Different Bulking Agents

Recycling of Faecal Sludge: Nitrogen, Carbon and Organic Matter Transformation during Co-Composting of Faecal Sludge with Different Bulking Agents

Biochar as a novel technology for treatment of onsite domestic wastewater: A critical review

Faecal sludge emptying in Sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia: A systematic review of emptying technology choices, challenges, and improvement initiatives

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