Positronium formation as a three-body reaction. II. The second-order nuclear amplitudes Positronium formation as a three-body reaction. I. The second-order positron-electron interaction amplitude Abstract. The positron, an anti-particle of the electron, can bind with an electron to form positronium. Another electron can also bind to the positronium weakly to form a positronium negative ion. In this paper, recent progresses in the experimental studies on this ion are reviewed.
POSITRONIUMPositronium is a bound state of a positron and an electron. The orbital part of the wave function is the same as that of the hydrogen atom except for the binding energy of the ground state, which is half that of the hydrogen atom because the reduced mass is m e /2, where m e is the rest mass of the electron.The positron and the electron in Ps annihilate into γ-rays. The unique characteristics for the annihilation are mainly due to the spins of the positron and the electron. When the total spin of the positron and the electron is 0 (single state), the number of the emitted γ-rays is 2 and the lifetime of the ground state in vacuum is 125ps. The Ps of this state is called as parapositronium (p-Ps). When the total spin is 1 (triplet state), the number of emitted γ-rays is 3 and the lifetime is 142ns. The Ps of this state is called as orthopositronium (o-Ps).Ps is formed by collisions of positrons with gas molecules. It is also formed in insulators such as amorphous and crystalline SiO 2 [10] and several kinds of alkali halides [11]. Ps is not formed in metals but may be formed on metal surfaces. When low-energy positrons impinge on metal surfaces, they will penetrate into the bulk, lose their energy until thermalized, and some of them diffuse back the surface [12]. The positrons may be trapped in the surface potential well and annihilate there. If the positron work function φ + is negative, the positrons may be emitted with the characteristic energy |φ + |. The positrons may also be emitted as Ps with a maximum energy |φ + + φ − − 6.8eV|. The fraction of the slow positrons yielding Ps from metal surfaces is normally on the order of 10 %. In the case of alkali