Pulcherrimin, The Pigment of
            <i>Candida Pulcherrima</i>

Kluyver, A. J.; Walt, J. P. van der; Triet, A. J. van

doi:10.1073/pnas.39.7.583

Cited by 92 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…M. pulcherrima produces pulcherrimin, which is a red pigment that accumulates in the growth medium and, clearly visible, around the M. pulcherrima colonies on plates (Kluyver et al, 1953). Pulcherrimin forms a chelate complex with iron ions in the medium (Kluyver et al, 1953). It has been recently shown that the antibacterial and antifungal activity of M. pulcherrima strains depends on the immobilization of iron by the pulcherrimin pigment in the growth medium (Sipiczki, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The natural habitats of M. pulcherrima strains are fully matured fruits, especially grapes (Mills et al, 2002). M. pulcherrima produces pulcherrimin, which is a red pigment that accumulates in the growth medium and, clearly visible, around the M. pulcherrima colonies on plates (Kluyver et al, 1953). Pulcherrimin forms a chelate complex with iron ions in the medium (Kluyver et al, 1953).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Isolation and Characterization of New Metschnikowia pulcherrima Strains as Producers of the Antimicrobial Pigment Pulcherrimin

Türkel

Ener

2009

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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Metschnikowia pulcherrima is a highly effective biocontrol yeast due to its pigment pulcherrimin that accumulates in the cells and in the growth medium. Three different strains of M. pulcherrima were isolated from local grapes. The yeast isolates were characterized on the basis of their biochemical, physiological and ITS1-5.8 s rDNA-ITS2 region. Based on the obtained results, the M. pulcherrima isolates were identifi ed as new strains of M. pulcherrima. Strong antagonistic activities of the M. pulcherrima strains on the human pathogens Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, and Trichosporon mucoides were determined. In addition, antagonistic effects of these M. pulcherrima strains were also tested against Aspergillus fl avus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma spp., Paecilomyces spp., and Bipolaris spp. and it was shown that the three different strains of M. pulcherrima also have an antagonistic effect on the growth of these fungal species at different extents. This study showed that all three strains of M. pulcherrima produce the same amount of the pigment pulcherrimin, but their antimicrobial activities on different microorganisms show important variations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of New Metschnikowia pulcherrima Strains as Producers of the Antimicrobial Pigment Pulcherrimin

Türkel

Ener

2009

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung C

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“…The related species Metschnikowia fructicola is an effective biocontrol agent for postharvest diseases of grapes (25). M. pulcherrima, but not M. fructicola, produces a red pigment, pulcherrimin, that accumulates in the cells and in the medium near a colony (26,27). Pulcherrimin is a large complex formed nonenzymatically from a dibasic acid, pulcherriminic acid, and ferric ions (11,29).…”

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confidence: 99%

Metschnikowia Strains Isolated from Botrytized Grapes Antagonize Fungal and Bacterial Growth by Iron Depletion

Sipiczki

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

237

236

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Noble-rotted grapes are colonized by complex microbial populations. I isolated pigment-producing Metschnikowia strains from noble-rotted grapes that had antagonistic activity against filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria. A red-maroon pigment was formed from a diffusible colorless precursor released by the cells into the medium. The conversion of the precursor required iron and could occur both in the cells (red colonies) and in the medium (red halos around colonies). The intensity of pigmentation was correlated with the intensity of the antimicrobial activity. Mutants that did not form pigment also lacked antifungal activity. Within the pigmented halos, conidia of the sensitive fungi did not germinate, and their hyphae did not grow and frequently lysed at the tips. Supplementation of the medium with iron reduced the size of the halos and the inhibition zones, while it increased the pigment accumulation by the colonies. The iron-binding agent tropolone had a similar effect, so I hypothesize that pigmented Metschnikowia isolates inhibit the growth of the sensitive microorganisms by pigment formation, which depletes the free iron in the medium. As the pigment is a large nondiffusible complex produced in the presence of both low and high concentrations of ferric ions, the proposed mechanism is different from the mechanisms operating in microbes that release siderophores into the environment for iron acquisition.The important problems for postharvest protection of fruit include the declining effectiveness of registered fungicides, public pressure to reduce fungicide use, and public demand for produce free of synthetic pesticides. One solution is to use microorganisms with antifungal effects as biocontrol agents to reduce or inhibit the rate of propagation of destructive fungi during storage. Antagonistic yeasts have received particular attention, as their activity usually does not depend on the production of antibiotics or other toxic secondary metabolites. For example, strains of Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaromyces, Metschnikowia, Pichia, Rhodotorula, Sporobolomyces, and Trichosporon all have been reported to inhibit postharvest decay of fruit due to their antifungal effects (6,18,36,38,40,44,50,52). The modes of action proposed for the inhibition process include competition for space and nutrients, parasitism, direct interaction with the pathogen, production of cell wall lytic enzymes, and induced resistance in the host tissue (for a review, see reference 47).Fruit-borne strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima can be effective in protecting apples, peaches, and grapes against postharvest rot caused by Botrytis cinerea and other postharvest pathogens (14,36,48). The related species Metschnikowia fructicola is an effective biocontrol agent for postharvest diseases of grapes (25). M. pulcherrima, but not M. fructicola, produces a red pigment, pulcherrimin, that accumulates in the cells and in the medium near a colony (26,27). Pulcherrimin is a large complex formed nonenzymatically from a dibasic acid, pulcherriminic ac...

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“…Values for the percentage of iron in the ferric salt of pulcherriminic acid were, in general, too high, until a modification of a procedure used by Kluyver et al (1) For personal use only. was adopted.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I ) , and the morpholinium and cyclohexylammonium salts showed the same cm-' FIG. 1. Infrared spectrum of pulcherriminic acid.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Structure of Pulcherriminic Acid

MacDonald¹

1963

Can. J. Chem.

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The red pigment pulcherrimin was isolated from three strains of Candida pulcher~ima and converted to pulcherritninic acid. The properties of derivatives of this acid and the products obtained from its reduction indicate that it differs from pulcherriminic acid isolated by other ~vorkers. probable structure for the new pulcherriminic acid is 2,5-diisobutyl-3,6-dihydroxypyra~ine-l,4-dioxide. The structures of the compounds obtained from its reduction were also in\ estigated. INTRODUCTIOS

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Pulcherrimin, The Pigment of Candida Pulcherrima

Cited by 92 publications

References 4 publications

Isolation and Characterization of New Metschnikowia pulcherrima Strains as Producers of the Antimicrobial Pigment Pulcherrimin

Isolation and Characterization of New Metschnikowia pulcherrima Strains as Producers of the Antimicrobial Pigment Pulcherrimin

Metschnikowia Strains Isolated from Botrytized Grapes Antagonize Fungal and Bacterial Growth by Iron Depletion

The Structure of Pulcherriminic Acid

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