Pulmonary Epithelium: Cell Types and Functions

Chang, Mary Mann Jong; Shih, Laura; Wu, Reen

doi:10.1002/9780470727010.ch1

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 211 publications

(230 reference statements)

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“…In contrast to small airways, large airways are replete with SMGs situated mainly between cartilaginous rings, which limit changes in airway diameter (47). Intriguingly, when we examined freshly excised tracheal tissue as a control for NKCC1 labeling specificity and as representative of large airways, we found intense labeling of gland acini, as expected for fluid-secreting cells, validating the antibody biomarker label for secretion.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Site of Fluid Secretion in Small Airways

Flores‐Delgado

Lytle

Quinton

2016

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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The secretion and management of readily transportable airway surface liquid (ASL) along the respiratory tract is crucial for the clearance of debris and pathogens from the lungs. In proximal large airways, submucosal glands (SMGs) can produce ASL. However, in distal small airways, SMGs are absent, although the lumens of these airways are, uniquely, highly plicated. Little is known about the production and maintenance of ASL in small airways, but using electrophysiology, we recently found that native porcine small airways simultaneously secrete and absorb. How these airways can concurrently transport ASL in opposite directions is puzzling. Using high expression of the Na-K-2Cl cotransport (NKCC) 1 protein (SLC12a2) as a phenotypic marker for fluid secretory cells, immunofluorescence microscopy of porcine small airways revealed two morphologically separated sets of luminal epithelial cells. NKCC1 was abundantly expressed by most cells in the contraluminal regions of the pleats but highly expressed very infrequently by cells in the luminal folds of the epithelial plications. In larger proximal airways, the acini of SMGs expressed NKCC1 prominently, but cells expressing NKCC1 in the surface epithelium were sparse. Our findings indicate that, in the small airway, cells in the pleats of the epithelium secrete ASL, whereas, in the larger proximal airways, SMGs mainly secrete ASL. We propose a mechanism in which the locations of secretory cells in the base of pleats and of absorptive cells in luminal folds physically help maintain a constant volume of ASL in small airways.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Site of Fluid Secretion in Small Airways

Flores‐Delgado

Lytle

Quinton

2016

Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol

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“…The percentage of ciliated cells increases with airway branching, from 47±2% in trachea to 73±1% in the small airway epithelium (5). Ciliated cells are easily distinguishable from other cell types by the presence of cilia (~200 to 300 cilia per cell) on the luminal surface, each 0.2 to 0.3 μm in diameter and ranging from 6 to 7 μm in length in the upper airways, to 4 μm in the smaller airways (6). The apical surface of ciliated cells also contains numerous microvilli, which play a role in the transepithelial movement of fluid and electrolytes (6).…”

Section: Airway Ciliated Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ciliated cells are easily distinguishable from other cell types by the presence of cilia (~200 to 300 cilia per cell) on the luminal surface, each 0.2 to 0.3 μm in diameter and ranging from 6 to 7 μm in length in the upper airways, to 4 μm in the smaller airways (6). The apical surface of ciliated cells also contains numerous microvilli, which play a role in the transepithelial movement of fluid and electrolytes (6). Adjacent ciliated cells are connected via tight junctions, specialized multiprotein structures that regulate the passage of solutes and ions across the epithelial barrier and separate the apical and basolateral epithelial compartments, and E-cadherin-based adherens junctions that provide firm cell-to-cell adhesion (3, 7).…”

Section: Airway Ciliated Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cilia Dysfunction in Lung Disease

Tilley

Walters²,

Shaykhiev³

et al. 2015

Annu. Rev. Physiol.

353

308

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A characteristic feature of the human airway epithelium is the presence of ciliated cells bearing motile cilia, specialized cell surface projections containing axonemes comprised of microtubules and dynein arms, which provide ATP-driven motility. In the airways, cilia function in concert with airway mucus to mediate the critical function of mucociliary clearance, cleansing the airways of inhaled particles and pathogens. The prototypical disorder of respiratory cilia is primary ciliary dyskinesia, an inherited disorder that leads to impaired mucociliary clearance, repeated chest infections, and progressive destruction of lung architecture. Numerous acquired lung diseases are also marked by abnormalities in both cilia structure and function. In this review we summarize current knowledge regarding airway ciliated cells and cilia, how they function to maintain a healthy epithelium, and how disorders of cilia structure and function contribute to inherited and acquired lung disease.

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“…It has several defense mechanisms such as mucociliary clearance, ion secretion and the production of anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant molecules in the mucus but it also provides an immune defense system (Chang et al, 2008). The barrier between the environment and the organism is selective; permitting the passage of water-soluble molecules and ions through paracellular spaces, but preventing pathogen or pollutant migration from the lumen to the interstitium and this is accomplished to a large extent by intercellular junctions: the tight junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes (Strengert and Knaus, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A coculture model of the lung–blood barrier: The role of activated phagocytic cells

Luyts

Napierska

Dinsdale

et al. 2015

Toxicology in Vitro

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We developed a coculture model of the lung–blood barrier using human bronchial epithelial cells(16HBE14o-), monocytes (THP-1) and human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) in which several parameters can be assessed simultaneously. The epithelial and endothelial cells were grown on opposite sides of a microporous membrane. Electron and confocal microscopic pictures show the presence of the cells in their appropriate compartment and both cell types do not show evidence of growing through the pores. Out of three endothelial cell types (EAhy.926, HUVEC and HLMVEC), the last was chosen as the most appropriate cell type, best resembling the pulmonary endothelium and allowing the expression of functional tight junctions in the 16HBE14o- monolayer with sufficiently high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values. Finally, monocytes were added to the apical compartment. PMA-activated macrophages significantly affected barrier integrity (73% TEER reduction compared to control after 24 h) and disrupted the epithelial tight junctions as shown by redistribution of ZO-1 labeling. Alternatively, monocytes could be activated using lipopolysaccharide, at a sub-toxic level int he apical compartment and only induced a small, though significant, reduction in TEER.This coculture system is a representative model of the lung–blood barrier with barrier integrity as the main toxicity endpoint.

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Pulmonary Epithelium: Cell Types and Functions

Cited by 15 publications

References 211 publications

Site of Fluid Secretion in Small Airways

Site of Fluid Secretion in Small Airways

Cilia Dysfunction in Lung Disease

A coculture model of the lung–blood barrier: The role of activated phagocytic cells

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