Pulmonary Insuffiency in Prematurity

Burnard, E. D.; Grattan-Smith, P.; Picton‐Warlow, C. G.; Grauaug, A.

doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1965.tb02579.x

Cited by 32 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is unlikely that this explanation would apply to gas trapping for the prolonged periods noted in this study. A second explanation for prolonged gas trapping is provided by the work of Burnard et al [4]. They showed that the airways of immature infants are very compliant, much like the chest wall.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pulmonary Gas Trapping in Premature Infants

Krauss

Auld

1971

Pediatr Res

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ExtractMeasurements of thoracic gas volume and functional residual capacity were performed serially from birth on 26 premature infants to determine the presence and time course of gas trapping. Nitrogen washouts were carried out on 16 of these infants and urinary-alveolar nitrogen gradients (uAD Nj ) were measured in 7. The infants were divided into two groups, those above and those below 1750 g birth weight.Trapped gas was documented in both groups, but in the smaller infants the condition persisted for a longer time. The mean thoracic gas volume (TGV) in infants over 1750 g birth weight was 2.0 ±0.7 ml/cm at birth, with a mean functional residual capacity (FRC) of 1.3 ± 0.4 ml/cm; by day 9, the TGV and FRC were 1.5 ± 0.3 and 1.2 ± 0.2 ml/cm, respectively. Infants under 1750 g birth weight had a mean TGV of 1.7 ± 0.2 ml/cm at birth with an FRC of 0.9 ± 0.2 ml/cm; by week 2 of life, mean TGV and FRC were 0.9 ± 0.2 and 0.8 ± 0.2 ml/cm, respectively. When gas trapping was present, nitrogen washouts and uAD N2 indicated that the lung was a single well ventilated space with no evidence of an abnormal distribution of ventilation. This indicated that ventilation of the trapped areas was so small that it could not be measured. The possibility that gas trapping is related to the presence of lung fluid and very compliant airways is considered. Speculation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies performed to describe the adaptation of the newborn lung to the extrauterine environment have repeatedly shown a fall in thoracic gas volume (TGV) in the days after birth [4,16]. This decrease in volume can frequently be noted clinically as a decrease in the size of the chest, especially in smaller premature infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulmonary Gas Trapping in Premature Infants

Krauss

Auld

1971

Pediatr Res

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“…The correlation with body length3 was the closest. This function of length [7] 38.5 0.040&0.010 BURNARD et al [5] 27 5.2f 1.3 0.063 COOK et al [lo] 4.9 SWYER et al [29] 4.9 KARLBERG and KOCH [20] Presentstudy 3013.3 0.05610.010…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was a significant relation between pulmonary conductance and TGV. A significant relation between airway conductance and FRC has been reported previously in older children and adults [5]. The term specific conductance is applied to this relation.…”

Section: Piielan Williamsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In studies of respiratory function in newborn infants, lung volume [l, 2, 5, 71 and the mechanics of ventilation [5,9,20,29] have been reported. Only one worker, however, has investigated these parameters in normal infants beyond the neonatal age [22, 231. This study provides further information on the measurement of TGV, dynamic compliance, and pulmonary resistance in healthy infants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ventilatory Studies in Healthy Infants

Phelan

Williams

1969

Pediatr Res

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ExtractThoracic gas volume (TGV), specific compliance (SC), and mean pulmonary resistance were measured in 38 healthy infants between 4 and 46 weeks of age. T G V had a mean value of 30% 3.3 ml/kg of body weight or 0.768&-0.089 x ml/cm body lengths. The mean value for SC was 0.056f 0.01 cm H,0/1 T G V ; that for specific pulmonary conductance was 0.298f0.075 l/sec/cm H,O/TGV.Pulmonary conductance related to body length3 had a mean value of 0.221 &0.066 x l/sec/cm H,0/cm3. The value for the change in intraesophageal pressure between the minimum and maximum values in each respiratory cycle was 8.0f 1.47 cm H,O.T h e results of this study indicate that TGV, SC, and pulmonary resistance, when related to body size, show little difference when comparing newborn infants and adults.

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Multiple Rib Fractures Due to Physiotherapy in a Neonate With Hyaline Membrane Disease

Purohit¹,

Caldwell²,

Levkoff³

1975

Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med

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ceed the elite and British groups. In short, these apparently plump arms contained not only fat but fluid not otherwise obvious on clinical exami¬ nation. The implications of this find¬ ing in terms of bodily growth, intel¬ lectual alertness, and, above all, resistance to infection are only too obvious and are manifested in the high incidence, morbidity, and mor¬ tality from infections and the rapid¬ ity with which these children can be triggered off into clinical malnutri¬ tion syndromes.There is, then, a growing realisa¬ tion of the complex interaction be¬ tween the many factors leading to PCM. Low intake of important food factors-yes; but of itself not a suffi¬ cient explanation. Others include low general standards of living, and taboos, on feeding eggs to young chil¬ dren for instance, alleged to have de¬ veloped to ensure that the father-the worker-gets what he needs in order to do his farming. In this connection one study of rural family food con¬ sumption showed a rise in the inci¬ dence of malnutrition in the children that coincided with a sudden increase in the family total calorie intake oc¬ curring with the return to intense farming activity in anticipation of the coming rains. And then, constant infections, with the accompanying loss of appetite, poor digestion, and diminished absorption of food, are now accepted as vital factors contrib¬ uting to undernourishment and pre¬ cipitating malnutrition. Gastroenter¬ itis is undoubtedly the biggest contributor to marasmus and to in¬ fant mortality, and measles, the great villain occurs in epidemics of great severity and high mortality, and can be seen to be followed by sudden on¬ set of kwashiokor a few weeks later.Severe diarrhoea often accompanies the acute phase, and it is easy to un¬ derstand that the rash, so evident as Koplik spots in the mouth, extends down into the gut and gives rise to mucosal damage and malabsorptionand so it is. Disaccharide intolerance has been shown to be present and sometimes persists and is associated with other malabsorptions. Further¬ more, some interesting recent work at Ahmadu Bello University Hospital in Zaria, Nigeria, has pinpointed an actual positive protein-losing enteropathy of up to 4 to 5 gm daily, suffi¬ cient to give rise to oedema even in well-fed subjects with nephrotic syn¬ drome.So, in summary the concept now ac¬ cepted is that malnutrition does notwill not-occur solely from inadequate protein or calorie intake in a healthy child, even in rural Africa, but results from the constant ill health, infec¬ tions, malabsorption, and so on that are the normal lot of mankind during the first few years of life, until some degree of immunity to a host of infec¬ tions has been achieved. But adequate immunity fails to develop in the un¬ dernourished, and infections flourish; and so the wheel goes round and round and the end result is the sur¬ vival of the toughest and luckiest 55% to 65% of those born into the African world-natural selection.It follows, of course, that the plump, well-nourished children of the African el...

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Pulmonary Insuffiency in Prematurity

Cited by 32 publications

References 29 publications

Pulmonary Gas Trapping in Premature Infants

Pulmonary Gas Trapping in Premature Infants

Ventilatory Studies in Healthy Infants

Multiple Rib Fractures Due to Physiotherapy in a Neonate With Hyaline Membrane Disease

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