Pulse Oximetry and CO‐Oximetry

Ayres, Devon A.

doi:10.1002/9781118997246.ch21

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…For raccoons immobilized with BAM and NalMed-A, over 50% of the immobilizations met critical thresholds for cessation, most often due to a low respiratory rate. Supplementary oxygen did not always alleviate apparent hypoxemia in immobilized raccoons; some individuals with low respiratory rates (<6 breaths/min) continued to have low (<80%) oxygen saturation, and for other individuals, oxygen saturation below the recommend 90% (Ayres 2012; Kreeger and Arnemo 2018) still occurred. Doub et al (2023) did not use supplementary oxygen with NalMed-A–immobilized raccoons and reported a mean oxygen saturation below 90% and measured oxygen saturation below 80% at each time point, and even below 60% at one time point for at least one raccoon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Published parameters for raccoon vital signs are body temperature 37–40° C (98.6–104° F), respiratory rate 15–30 breaths/min, and heart rate 175–200 beats/min (Evans 2002). The SpO 2 ranges for raccoons were not located; however, for most animals, normal oxygen saturation ranges from 96% to 100% (Ayres 2012). Based upon veterinarian consultation and data from other species, an a priori acceptable range for immobilization to continue was determined; these parameters were SpO 2 >80%, body temperature 36.1–40° C (97–104° F), and respiration rate ≥8 breaths/min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Immobilization

Johnson,

Ellis,

Wickham

et al. 2024

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Immobilization

Johnson,

Ellis,

Wickham

et al. 2024

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…The value of continuous SpHb monitoring should not be based on the premise that this parameter can replace Hb LAB since the greatest benefits of continuous SpHb recording come from providing continuous values of Hb to indicate hemodynamic stability in critically ill or anesthetized patients [ 34 ]. In this sense, Ayres [ 35 ] mentions that this technological tool can also measure the presence of functional hemoglobins such as carboxyhemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, and methemoglobin, improving the perioperative monitoring of the anesthetized patient in whom pulse oximetry alone is commonly used. A pilot study made by Swann et al [ 36 ] compared co-oximetry and an invasive method in 10 conscious dogs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlation of Blood Hemoglobin Values with Non-Invasive Co-Oximetry Measurement of SpHb in Dogs Undergoing Elective Ovariohysterectomy

Espinosa-Morales,

Miranda-Cortés,

Mota-Rojas

et al. 2024

Animals

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Cardiovascular function monitoring has been suggested as a key parameter to determine patient stability during the anesthetic process. However, the use of pulse co-oximetry has been suggested as a technology to complement the monitoring of this system as a direct way to assess hemoglobin (Hb) blood concentration. Therefore, this study aimed to correlate and determine the measurement bias between Hb blood levels with continuously determined blood hemoglobin concentration (SpHb) and arterial oxygen content values (SpOC), both obtained by noninvasive co-oximetry in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). A total of 85 clinically healthy bitches of different breeds that were admitted for elective OVH surgery were evaluated. These animals underwent SpHb and SpOC capture after the in vivo setting for the duration of the surgical procedure. Likewise, five minutes before the end of the surgical procedure, a blood sample was obtained directly from the jugular vein to determine the blood concentration of Hb (HbLAB). The Bland–Altman analysis showed 95% limits of agreement from −4.22 to 4.99 g/dL with a BIAS (mean difference) of 0.384 ± 2.35 g/dL (r = 0.401). SpHb recordings were correlated with oxygen saturation (SpO2) (r = 0.995), SpOC (r = 0.992) and with perfusion index (PI) (r = 0.418). Therefore, SpHb presents a moderate positive correlation with direct blood concentration of Hb. This possibly shows that continuous measurement of SpHb by noninvasive co-oximetry is a reliable and advanced alternative for monitoring Hb concentration in dogs under anesthesia.

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“…*** No further treatment was needed after initial treatment. **** Reference values from Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty Zurich (Sysmex) or # from [ 35 ] Values highlighted in red are out of the reference range. MCV: mean cell volume, MCHC: mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Methemoglobinemia, Increased Deformability and Reduced Membrane Stability of Red Blood Cells in a Cat with a CYB5R3 Splice Defect

Jenni

Ludwig-Peisker

Jagannathan

et al. 2023

Cells

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Methemoglobinemia is an acquired or inherited condition resulting from oxidative stress or dysfunction of the NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase or associated pathways. This study describes the clinical, pathophysiological, and molecular genetic features of a cat with hereditary methemoglobinemia. Whole genome sequencing and mRNA transcript analyses were performed in affected and control cats. Co-oximetry, ektacytometry, Ellman’s assay for reduced glutathione concentrations, and CYB5R activity were assessed. A young adult European domestic shorthair cat decompensated at induction of anesthesia and was found to have persistent methemoglobinemia of 39 ± 8% (reference range < 3%) of total hemoglobin which could be reversed upon intravenous methylene blue injection. The erythrocytic CYB5R activity was 20 ± 6% of normal. Genetic analyses revealed a single homozygous base exchange at the beginning of intron 3 of the CYB5R3 gene, c.226+5G>A. Subsequent mRNA studies confirmed a splice defect and demonstrated expression of two mutant CYB5R3 transcripts. Erythrocytic glutathione levels were twice that of controls. Mild microcytosis, echinocytes, and multiple Ca2+-filled vesicles were found in the affected cat. Erythrocytes were unstable at high osmolarities although highly deformable as follows from the changes in elongation index and maximal-tolerated osmolarity. Clinicopathological presentation of this cat was similar to other cats with CYB5R3 deficiency. We found that methemoglobinemia is associated with an increase in red blood cell fragility and deformability, glutathione overload, and morphological alterations typical for stress erythropoiesis.

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Pulse Oximetry and CO‐Oximetry

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Immobilization

Comparison of Ketamine-Xylazine, Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine, and Nalbuphine-Medetomidine-Azaperone for Raccoon (Procyon Lotor) Immobilization

Correlation of Blood Hemoglobin Values with Non-Invasive Co-Oximetry Measurement of SpHb in Dogs Undergoing Elective Ovariohysterectomy

Methemoglobinemia, Increased Deformability and Reduced Membrane Stability of Red Blood Cells in a Cat with a CYB5R3 Splice Defect

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