Pulse Oximetry and Upper Intestinal Endoscopy in Infants and Children

Use of oral midazolam in pediatric upper gastrointestinal endoscopy

“…Pharyngeal obstruction or tracheal compression with the endoscope may occur, causing oxygen desaturation during insertion of the endoscope. This occurs more frequently with endoscopes of large diameter and in small children 19,20 . In infants and children, gastric distension with air insufflations may also hinder the diaphragmatic course and may lead to severe hypoxia 21 …”

Flexible Upper Videoendoscopy Through a Modified Endoscopy Mask in Infants and Young Children

“…Because the endoscope is being inserted, it may obstruct the pharynx or compress the trachea, thereby resulting in desaturation during this stage of the procedure (9). This is observed more frequently by a large-diameter endoscope (10,11) and in small children (10). In small infants and children, gastric distension due to air insufflation may also lead to severe hypoxia (12).…”

Use of intramuscular ketamine for endoscopy sedation in children

“…Oxygen, suction facilities, Ambu‐bag and mask, equipment for intubation, and drugs for resuscitation were always avail­able 13 . Blood pressure was measured every 5 min, and oxygen saturation was continuously monitored by pulse oximetry 33 . Ketamine hydrochloride (100 mg/mL formulation) was injected intramuscularly into gluteus maximus or vasta lateralis, at a dose of 2 mg/kg for children older than 7 years, and 3 mg/kg for children younger than 7 years.…”