Pulsed electric field: An emerging pretreatment technology in a biogas production

Pulsed electric field assisted extraction of natural food pigments and colorings from plant matrices

“…The electrodes promote a differential of electric potential in the system due to the conductive properties of the food matrix ( Redondo et al, 2018 ). The intensity of the treatment depends on the electrical flow applied to the product and the distance between both electrodes and their respective formats ( Kovačić et al, 2021 ). The smaller the camera diameter and the distance between the electrodes, the greater the uniformity and intensity of the electric fields generated ( Kumar, Barrett, Delwiche, & Stroeve, 2009 ).…”

“…This system controls the strength of the electric field (kV/cm), pulse frequency (Hz), pulse duration (µ seconds), and wave shape. These parameters are defined according to the treated food, considering their respective densities, viscosities, specific heats, and electrical conductivities ( Kovačić et al, 2021 ). In general, these properties are thermal dependent.…”

“…For continuous PEF-treatment chambers, raw material input is continuous in the chamber, making it challenging to uniform the phenomenon of electroporation and heating. However, continuous chambers are required on an industrial scale ( Binoti et al, 2012 , Kovačić et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Thereby, the membrane potential or membrane voltage of the bilipid layer is increased, promoting a weakening of the plasma membrane, and decreasing the selectivity for the entry of extracellular ionic components. The intensity of this potential depends on parameters such as electric field amplitude, sample conductivity, cell radius and shape, and the angle between the direction of the field lines and normal to the membrane ( Kovačić et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The increase in the mass transfer is an effect of electroporation since the application of electric fields (0.5–5 kV/cm) forms pores in the cellular structure of plant tissue. Thus, electroporation alters the permeability of the plasma membrane, facilitating the mass transfer of pigments present in the system ( Kovačić et al, 2021 ).…”