Pulsed Wave-Doppler Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Mammary Blood Flow in the Ewe

Piccione, Giuseppe; Arcigli, A.; Assenza, Anna; Percipalle, Maurizio; Caola, G.

doi:10.2754/avb200473010023

Cited by 15 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This indicates similar blood support of both udder halves and equates with almost equally distributed MY of the left and the right udder halves (data not shown) when kept under physiological conditions as in this trial. The results also corroborate findings of other authors using Doppler ultrasound for measurements of mammary blood flow velocities at different udder-associated vessels in lactating cows (Piccione et al 2004a), goats (Christensen et al 1989) and ewes (Piccione et al 2004b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Investigation of mammary blood flow changes by transrectal colour Doppler sonography in anEscherichia colimastitis model

Potapow

Sauter‐Louis

Schmauder

et al. 2010

Journal of Dairy Research

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TCDStransrectal colour Doppler sonographyblood flow velocity (m/s) 1 IntroductionBovine mastitis is still ranked among the main production diseases in dairy herds of developed countries (Miller et al. 1993; Rajala-Schultz & Gröhn 1999; Bradley et al. 2007). Approximately, every third cow in Germany suffers from mastitis once per lactation and a financial impact of about € 0.02 per one litre milk produced is estimated (Fehlings 2008). In 2007 nearly 15% of all animal losses in Germany were based on udder diseases, such as mastitis (ADR 2007). Especially, intramammary infections with Escherichia coli (E. coli) very often lead to anacute mastitis with severe clinical effects (Bannermann et al. 2004). Occuring mainly in the peripartum and the early stage of lactation applied therapies are in many cases insufficient or futile (Olde Riekerink et al. 2008). The consequence of failed therapy can be the total loss of individual animals or enormous economic losses during current and / or subsequent lactations (Seegers et al. 2003). A single case of a total animal loss caused by E. coli mastitis leads to an estimated loss of at least € 1800 (costs in case of successful therapy: about € 180).The identification of the inflammatory event at an early stage is not only a basic demand of milk hygiene and an essential precondition for a successful therapy (Grunert 1990), but also an important factor for the limitation of mammary tissue damages (Burvenich et al. 2003) and economic impacts due to yield losses (De Mol & Ouweltjes 2001).Clinical examination, California Mastitis Test (CMT) (Schalm & Noorlander 1957) and bacteriological examinations (BE) are the most common non-invasive methods for diagnosing mastitis. Beyond that, electrical conductivity (EC) has been investigated for years but is still not sufficiently precise for an early detection of an acute mastitis (Hovinen et al. 2006).2 New methods such as measuring volatile components and potentiometric values of milk (Eriksson et al. 2005; Mottram et al. 2007), as well as a new biosensor system that analyses lactose and EC (Culina et al. 2006) or infrared thermography (Hovinen et al. 2008; Colak et al. 2008) are still under development. The need for a non-invasive early detection method not being related to the act of milking (advantage: before first calving, dry period, clinical signs appear before milk changes) is obvious.From studies with invasive blood flow measurements a close relationship between inflammatory processes of the mammary gland and mammary blood flow rate is known (Dhondt et al. 1977a). Effects of metabolic activities of the mammary gland on mammary blood flow seem to be evident (Lough et al. 1990).In this present study a new non-invasive and quantitative method was used for examining the pudendoepigastric trunk by transrectal colour Doppler sonography (TCDS). The investigated vessel section is the only pre-section of the inguinally running external pudic artery, the major supplier of the mammary gland of cows, which is transrectally accessible (Brag...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Investigation of mammary blood flow changes by transrectal colour Doppler sonography in anEscherichia colimastitis model

Potapow

Sauter‐Louis

Schmauder

et al. 2010

Journal of Dairy Research

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“…During the examination, we used as reference points anatomical structures of the mammary gland (as these did not change during the study) rather than dimensions (which changed as mammary development progressed). Ultrasonographic examination by means of the Doppler technique was useful for measurement of the blood flow in the ovine mammary gland (Christensen et al 1989; Piccione et al 2004; Petridis et al 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic findings in the ovine udder during lactogenesis in healthy ewes or ewes with pregnancy toxaemia

Barbagianni

Gouletsou

Valasi

et al. 2015

Journal of Dairy Research

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Objective of the study was to record, by means of ultrasonographic examination, changes occurring during lactogenesis in the udder of healthy ewes and of ewes with pregnancy toxaemia. The work was carried out in 28 ewes, 16 with pregnancy toxaemia (group A) and 12 healthy controls (group B). B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the udder of ewes was performed. During the last month of pregnancy, grey-scale intensity values of mammary parenchyma in group A were significantly greater than in group B (P = 0.007), as was also the progressive increase in grey-scale intensity values in both groups (P < 0.001). Blood mammary input was significantly greater in ewes of group B than in ewes of group A (P < 0.05), as was also the progressive increase in blood input in both groups (P < 0.001). Further, differences between the two groups were identified in pulsatility index (P = 0.007) and in mean blood velocity (P = 0.036), but only during the last fortnight of pregnancy. After lambing, grey-scale values decreased sharply compared to those in pregnancy (P < 0.01), whilst blood input, pulsatility index and mean blood velocity continued the same trend as at the last stage of pregnancy, with differences between the two groups still prevalent (P < 0.05). There was a reverse correlation between grey-scale intensity values and milk quantities (P < 0.035) and a correlation between blood input and milk quantities (P < 0.07). The progressive increase in the diameter of the external pudendal artery was significant (P < 0.001), but no significant differences were evident between the two groups (P > 0.35). Differences between group A and group B in all other haemodynamic parameters studied were not significant, neither throughout the last month of pregnancy (P > 0.25), nor during the first week of lactation (P > 0.06). However, their progressive changes during the last month of pregnancy were significant (P < 0.02).

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“…The coefficient of variation for the cross-sectional area of the blood vessel was 12% in 10 goats (Christensen et al, 1989). The coefficients of variation of mean systolic and diastolic blood flow velocities were 16 and 30%, respectively, in 5 goats that were milked twice daily (Piccione et al, 2004a).…”

Section: Abmentioning

confidence: 93%

Variability of mammary blood flow in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows during the first twelve weeks of lactation

Götze

Honnens

Flachowsky

et al. 2010

Journal of Dairy Science

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The goals of the present study were to measure mammary blood flow volume (BFV) during the first 12 wk of lactation in dairy cows by using color Doppler sonography and to determine what affects the mammary blood flow. Forty cows were examined via color Doppler sonography on d 1, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84 after parturition (d 0). The total BFV (BFV(total)) to the 4 mammary glands was calculated by measuring time-averaged maximum velocities (TAMV) and cross-sectional areas (A) of the left and right pudendoepigastric trunks via transrectal color Doppler sonography. Because there were no significant differences in A, TAMV, and BFV between the right and left pudendoepigastric trunks, the means of A and TAMV, and the BFV(total) of both trunks were used for calculations. The intraindividual and interindividual variability of repeated BFV measures quantified by intraclass correlation coefficients were 96 and 98%, respectively. The BFV(total) ranged from 19.9 to 27.9 L/min, with a mean of 22.3+/-4.9 L/min. Interindividual differences in BFV values were attributable to variations in A and TAMV. The interindividual variability of the BFV(total), which was determined using the coefficients of variation of the BFV(total) on individual days, ranged from 16 to 28%. All the cows had similar changes in the BFV(total) during the study. Changes in BFV(total) were not correlated with changes in the mean of A, but there was a good correlation between changes in BFV(total) and in the mean of TAMV (r=0.94). The BFV(total) was highest on d 1 of lactation, decreased 28% by d 7, and remained at this level until d 28. By d 56, the BFV(total) had increased by 15% compared with d 14 and by 10% compared with d 28. The BFV(total) on d 84 was significantly different from all other days except d 56. There were moderate correlations between daily milk yield and BFV on individual days (0.24

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Pulsed Wave-Doppler Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Mammary Blood Flow in the Ewe

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Investigation of mammary blood flow changes by transrectal colour Doppler sonography in anEscherichia colimastitis model

Investigation of mammary blood flow changes by transrectal colour Doppler sonography in anEscherichia colimastitis model

Ultrasonographic findings in the ovine udder during lactogenesis in healthy ewes or ewes with pregnancy toxaemia

Variability of mammary blood flow in lactating Holstein-Friesian cows during the first twelve weeks of lactation

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