Puncture of an import gasoline pipeline—Spray effects may evaporate more fuel than a Buncefield-type tank overfill event

Abstract

This paper is concerned with evaporation of moderately volatile liquids, gasoline in particular, due to spray generation, liquid fragmentation and fountain effects following accidental puncture of a pressurized pipeline. Hazard analysis predicts that extensive evaporation will take place. The paper examines a typical fuel depot receiving gasoline from a ship at a nearby port via an above-ground pipeline. For comparative purposes, two types of accidental release during import are considered: 1) The receiving tank overflows in a worst-case Buncefield-type event (baseline). 2) The import pipeline is punctured and a jet of liquid discharges upwards.The paper examines pipeline import of three substances, hexane, octane and winter gasoline. Hazard analysis using the PHAST software suite indicates that the amount of fuel evaporated from the pipeline puncture scenarios greatly exceeds the amount evaporated in a tank overfill event for all three substances, gasoline in particular. Proper modelling of evaporation of wide-range multicomponent mixtures such as gasoline is challenging however. PHAST's simplified thermodynamic modelling of properties of mixtures may be a source of error. A PHAST-based stand-alone spray evaporation model with advanced thermodynamic capability is developed. Results indicate that PHAST does indeed overestimate evaporation of mixtures. Still, model output shows that evaporation following pipeline puncture may exceed the evaporation from a Buncefield-type tank overfill event by a factor of two or more. This finding is significant as evaporation from pipeline puncture scenarios appear largely overlooked in hazard analysis. The finding may lead to a fundamental reappraisal of the hazard potential of fuel depots and pipelines.

Preparation of an Intelligent Oleophobic Hydrogel and Its Application in the Replacement of Locally Damaged Oil Pipelines

“…During oil transportation, the oil pipeline cracks become perforated due to corrosion, external force, and pipeline quality defects. As a result, crude oil leaks and the transportation process is interrupted. − This situation causes serious environmental pollution, energy waste, and even catastrophic accidents. With the development of the economy, the demand for oil considerably increased, and oil pipeline networks gradually formed .…”