A chemical industrial park (CIP) can centralize the management of companies and facilitate mutual communication between different businesses. Due to these advantages, an increasing number of chemical companies are forced into CIP, especially in developing countries such as China. Thus, the land-use planning of CIP associated with safety becomes an important issue. To illustrate the importance of the continuous risk supervision and give more experiences to other similar changing CIP, we apply a simplified quantitative risk assessment procedure to estimate the risk to a Chinese chemical industrial park (19 3 10 km 2 ) near a rather densely populated off-site region for the years 2014 and 2017. Estimated levels of individual risk and societal risk are compared with Chinese risk acceptance criteria for land-use planning. Offsite risk levels have increased significantly from 2014 to 2017. While off-site risk levels are still low and within the acceptable region, the study concludes that the authorities should review carefully and monitor the risk level in case of future development activities around and within the chemical industrial park, e.g. preserving a buffer zone should be considered. For future chemical park design, it is highly recommended to proactively include QRA analysis especially to deal with risk in an efficient way.

This paper is concerned with evaporation of moderately volatile liquids, gasoline in particular, due to spray generation, liquid fragmentation and fountain effects following accidental puncture of a pressurized pipeline. Hazard analysis predicts that extensive evaporation will take place. The paper examines a typical fuel depot receiving gasoline from a ship at a nearby port via an above-ground pipeline. For comparative purposes, two types of accidental release during import are considered: 1) The receiving tank overflows in a worst-case Buncefield-type event (baseline). 2) The import pipeline is punctured and a jet of liquid discharges upwards.The paper examines pipeline import of three substances, hexane, octane and winter gasoline. Hazard analysis using the PHAST software suite indicates that the amount of fuel evaporated from the pipeline puncture scenarios greatly exceeds the amount evaporated in a tank overfill event for all three substances, gasoline in particular. Proper modelling of evaporation of wide-range multicomponent mixtures such as gasoline is challenging however. PHAST's simplified thermodynamic modelling of properties of mixtures may be a source of error. A PHAST-based stand-alone spray evaporation model with advanced thermodynamic capability is developed. Results indicate that PHAST does indeed overestimate evaporation of mixtures. Still, model output shows that evaporation following pipeline puncture may exceed the evaporation from a Buncefield-type tank overfill event by a factor of two or more. This finding is significant as evaporation from pipeline puncture scenarios appear largely overlooked in hazard analysis. The finding may lead to a fundamental reappraisal of the hazard potential of fuel depots and pipelines.