Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis.

Dinsmoor, James A.

doi:10.1037/h0062725

Cited by 216 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 28 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

130

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…These data also indicate the importance of doing further research with an even wider range of intervals, and of examining variables such as the response-to-shock ratio. In this connection it should be remarked that current theories of the maintenance of free operant avoidance (Schoenfeld, 1950;Dinsmoor, 1954;Anger, 1963) make no quantitative predictions which would provide rational equations for the relations being considered.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL¹

Clark

Hull

1966

J Exper Analysis Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Two temporal parameters of free operant or Sidman avoidance behavior are the interval by which responses postpone shocks (Response-Shock interval) and the interval between shocks when no responses occur (Shock-Shock interval). Avoidance behavior was examined in three white rats under conditions where the Response-Shock and Shock-Shock intervals were always equal. With intervals from 10 to 60 sec response rates and shock rates were similar, decreasing, negatively accelerated functions of increasing Response-Shock = Shock-Shock interval. Over this range, response and shock rates were linearly related to the reciprocal of the ResponseShock = Shock-Shock interval. It was shown, however, that this relation cannot hold at extremely long intervals. Both the ratio of responses emitted to shocks received and the percentage of shocks possible which were avoided increased at long Response-Shock = Shock-Shock intervals. These findings may be related to the fact that long intervals provide optimal conditions for conditioning avoidance behavior in the rat.Free operant avoidance responding as a function of the Response-Shock (RS) and Shock-Shock (SS) intervals was first investigated by Sidman (1953 METHOD SubjectsThree adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 500 g were selected from a large group of rats which had been run on avoidance schedules for other purposes. They were selected on the basis of their low shock rates at RS = SS = 20. The history of two subjects (RA-53 and RA-62) consisted entirely of 6-hr sessions under RS = SS = 20 sec run on alternate days. The third subject

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL¹

Clark

Hull

1966

J Exper Analysis Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Entretanto, dois dos cinco trabalhos que buscaram investigar diretamente algum aspecto do debate sobre simetria versus assimetria entre reforçamento e punição citaram também outros autores que fazem parte da construção histórica sobre o tema: Thorndike (1911;1931); Estes (1944Estes ( /1968Dinsmoor (1954;1955;1977;; Sidman (1989) e Michael (1975, além de outras obras de Skinner (1938;1948;1974).…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Análise De Definições De Punição Em Teses E Dissertações Brasileiras: Considerações Sobre Simetria E Assimetria

Santos¹,

Pereira²

2017

REBAC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

RESUMODuas definições de punição são comumente citadas por analistas do comportamento: a de Skinner e a de Azrin e Holz. A definição de Skinner é operacional; a de Azrin e Holz é operacional e processual, sendo a mais citada na literatura internacional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as definições de punição apresentadas em teses e dissertações brasileiras e identificar os autores utilizados para referenciá-las. A busca pelos trabalhos foi feita em bases de dados e currículos Lattes. Foram analisadas 17 teses e dissertações. Foi identificado se os estudos apresentavam ou não definição de punição e, no caso dos estudos que apresentavam, as definições foram classificadas em: Operacional; Operacional/Processual; Ambas. Verificou-se que o número de trabalhos sobre punição vem crescendo desde os anos 2000 e que a maior parte dos estudos ou não apresentou definição de punição ou apresentou ambas as definições. A maioria dos estudos que apresentaram ambas as definições tinham como foco a temática da simetria versus assimetria entre reforçamento e punição, e os estudos que não apresentaram definição investigaram efeitos da punição sobre diferentes operantes. Embora a análise indique uma tendência ao posicionamento simétrico nos estudos que não apresentaram definição, nota-se que, recentemente, trabalhos sobre o debate simetria versus assimetria têm sido realizados.Palavras-chave: Análise do comportamento; Punição; Revisão de literatura.ABSTRACT Two definitions of punishment have been frequently referred to by behavior analysts: Skinner's and Azrin and Holz's definitions. Skinner's definition is operational; Azrin and Holz's definition is both operational and processual, being the most referred to in the international literature. The aim of this study was to characterize the definitions of the concept of punishment presented in Brazilian dissertations and theses, and to identify which authors were used as references. The search for the studies was done in databases and Lattes curricula. Seventeen theses and dissertations were analyzed. It was identified if the studies presented or not definitions of punishment, and for the studies which presented them, the definitions were classified as: Operational; Operational/Processual; Both. It was verified that the number of studies about punishment has been growing since the 2000s, and that most of them either did not present a definition of the concept of punishment or presented both of them. Most of the studies that presented both definitions focused on the theme of symmetry versus asymmetry between reinforcement and punishment, and the studies that did not present a definition investigated the effects of punishment on different operants. Although the analysis indicates a tendency towards the symmetrical positioning in the studies that did not present a definition, it has been possible to verify that, recently, studies on the issue of symmetry versus asymmetry have been conducted.

show abstract

“…This is difficulty for the drive decrement hypothesis will be to explain the phenomenon of positive conditioned suppression (Azrin & Hake, 1969). a type of interference hypothesis but it does not specify the incompatible respondent, thus may be closer to the view of Dinsmoor (1954, 1955) and Weiskrantz (1968.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hypothesis can be classified into two in the nature of the assumed incompatible response. First, Dinsmoor (1954Dinsmoor ( , 1955 and Weiskrantz (1968) pointed out the possibility that the CS would lead to an increase in the frequency of other behavior (operants and respondents) incompatible with the baseline response. Brday and Hunt (1955) and Stein, Hoffman, and Stitt (1971), on the other hand, suggested that " freezing " was the respondent incompatible with the baseline response.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of intensities of shock and thirst on licking conditioned suppression

Ohki

1984

Jpn. Psychol. Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis.

Cited by 216 publications

References 28 publications

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL¹

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL¹

Análise De Definições De Punição Em Teses E Dissertações Brasileiras: Considerações Sobre Simetria E Assimetria

The effects of intensities of shock and thirst on licking conditioned suppression

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Punishment: I. The avoidance hypothesis.

Cited by 216 publications

References 28 publications

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL1

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL1

Análise De Definições De Punição Em Teses E Dissertações Brasileiras: Considerações Sobre Simetria E Assimetria

The effects of intensities of shock and thirst on licking conditioned suppression

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL¹

FREE OPERANT AVOIDANCE AS A FUNCTION OF THE RESPONSE‐SHOCK = SHOCK‐SHOCK INTERVAL¹