Pure culture synthesis of ectomycorrhizae by Thelephora terrestris and Pisolithus tinctorius on different conifer hosts

Abstract

In a special plant-growth room, isolates of Thelephora terrestris produced basidiocarps and formed typical ectomycorrhizae with seedlings of bristlecone, jack, sand, lodgepole, shortleaf, slash, sugar, Austrian, longleaf, cluster, ponderosa, red, pitch, eastern white, Scots, loblolly, and Virginia pines and Douglas fir. Atypical mycorrhizae (lacking mantle) were formed on seedlings of Norway spruce and jack, Japanese red, and Himalayan pines. The formation of atypical mycorrhizae was considered a result of differences in the symbiotic–parasitic nature of the fungal symbionts on different hosts. Pisolithus tinctorius formed typical mycorrhizae with seedlings of jack, sand, Japanese red, shortleaf, slash, Austrian, longleaf, cluster, red, pitch, eastern white, Scots, loblolly, and Virginia pines. Reisolation of specific fungal symbionts from mycorrhizae of several pine hosts was successful.Mycorrhizae formed by T. terrestris were macroscopically and microscopically different from those of P. tinctorius, but mycorrhizae formed by different isolates of T. terrestris were indistinguishable from each other, regardless of host. These results suggest that the fungal symbiont determines color and morphology of ectomycorrhizae.

Variação sazonal da colonização de raízes de clones de híbridos de eucalipto por fungos micorrízicos no estado do Espírito Santo

“…As variações climáticas registradas nas quatro épocas não foram suficientemente contrastantes para justificar as variações observadas em cada época. Contudo, diferenças na capacidade de colonização já foram demonstradas com Telephora terrestris e P. tinctorius (Marx et al, 1970), em Pinus, sob diferentes condições climáticas.…”

“…Para ectomicorrizas, observou-se variação na tolerância dos microssimbiontes a altas temperaturas. Em Pinus, Telephora terrestris não formou micorrizas sob temperatura de 34 o C; no entanto, esta temperatura foi a mais favorável à colonização de P. tinctorius (Marx et al, 1970).…”

“…O desenvolvimento, a distribuição e a atividade simbiótica de fungos micorrízicos podem ser afetados por características do solo, tais como a fertilidade e a temperatura (Marx et al, 1970;Marx & Bryan, 1971). O controle da atividade dos fungos micorrízicos pode ocorrer pela regulação da transferência de carboidratos, pois tais fungos são dependentes do hospedeiro, fornecedor de carbono (Koide & Schreiner, 1992).…”

Effects of temperature, pH and carbon and nitrogen sources on growth of in vitro cultures of ectomycorrhizal isolates from Pinus heldreichii forest

“…Ectomycorrhizal mycelia are very sensitive to temperature variations (Marx et al, 1970;Sanchez et al, 2001), and if the soil becomes colder, the metabolic activity of both the fungi and root could decrease, having negative consequences on mycelial growth and availability of nutrients to the fungus. The tested R. sanguinaria, S. granulatus and S. collinitus isolates grew faster at 22°C, while T. imbricatum, T. batchii and L. deliciosus, seem to be more termophilic and grew faster at 25°C.…”

Comparative effects of the soil microflora on ectomycorrhizal inoculation of conifer seedlings

“…drought (Parke, Linderman & Black, 1983), high The rhizosphere is the most biologically active temperatures (Marx, Bryan & Davey, 1970), high part of the soil and strongly influences ectomycor-acidity (Schramm, 1966;Marx & Artman, 1979) rhizal development. Several authors (Theodorou, and other species have demonstrated the potential 1967; Bowen & Theodorou, 1979;Rambelli, 1973) for suppressing phytopathogenic fungi (Sylvia & have reported either beneficial or negative effects on Sinclair, 1983), little investigation has been carried ectomycorrhizal infection associated with soil micro-out on the effects of synergistic associations of ectomycorrhizal isolates on plant growth.…”