Purification and characterization of three antioxidant peptides from protein hydrolysate of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) skin

Purification and Identification of Antioxidant Peptides from Protein Hydrolysate of Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) Cartilage

“…As shown in Figure 6A, SCPE-A, SCPE-B and SCPE-C showed dose-dependent anti-DPPH• activity, with EC 50 values of 2.43, 2.43, and 1.99 mg/mL, respectively, and SCPE-C exhibited the highest radical-scavenging activity among all samples, except the positive control of ascorbic acid. The EC 50 of SCPE-C was lower than that of Pro-Ser-Tyr-Val (PSYV) (17.0 mg/mL) [28], Thr-Thr-Ala-Asn-Ile-Glu-Asp-Arg-Arg (TTANIEDRR) (2.503 mg/mL) [26], Phe-Leu-Asn-Glu-Phe-Leu-His-Val (FLNEFLHV) (4.950 mg/mL) [29], Trp-Glu-Gly-Pro-Lys (WEGPK) (4.438 mg/mL), Gly-Val-Pro-Leu-Thr (GVPLT) (4.541 mg/mL) [5], Gly-Phe-Gly-Pro-Leu (GFGPL) (2.249 mg/mL), Val-Gly-Gly-Arg-Pro (VGGRP) (2.937 mg/mL) [30], FIMGPY (2.60 mg/mL), GPAGDY (3.48 mg/mL), IVAGPQ (3.93 mg/mL) [11], WDR(3.63 mg/mL), PYFNK (4.11 mg/mL) and LDK (3.06 mg/mL) [19,20] from the protein hydrolysates of loach, blue mussel, salmon, bluefin leatherjacket, grass carp skin, skate ( Raja porosa ) cartilage and scalloped hammerhead muscle, but it was higher than that of Gly-Ser-Gln (GSQ) (0.61 mg/mL) [31], Pro-Ile-Ile-Val-Tyr-Trp-Lys (PIIVYWK) (0.713 mg/mL), Phe-Ser-Val-Val-Pro-Ser-Pro-Lys (FSVVPSPK) (0.937 mg/mL) [29], Pro-Tyr-Ser-Phe-Lys (PYSFK) (1.575 mg/mL) [30], His-Phe-Gly-Asp-Pro-Phe-His (HFGDPFH) (0.20 mg/mL) [32], Phe-Leu-Pro-Phe (FLPF) (0.789 mg/mL), Leu-Pro-Phe (LPF) (0.777 mg/mL) and Leu-Leu-Pro-Phe (LLPF) (1.084 mg/mL) [33] from the protein hydrolysates of Chinese leek, blue mussel, grass carp skin, mussel sauce and corn gluten meal. Therefore, the present results suggested that SCPE-A, SCPE-B and SCPE-C were DPPH• inhibitors and primary antioxidants that reacted with free radicals.…”

“…The EC 50 values of SCPE-A, SCPE-B and SCPE-C were 0.28, 0.21, and 0.15 mg/mL, respectively, and SCPE-C exhibited the highest HO• scavenging activity. The EC 50 of SCPE-C was lower than that of PYFNK (0.24 mg/mL), LDK (0.17 mg/mL) [19,20], Leu-Gly-Leu-Asn-Gly-Asp-Asp-Val-Asn (LGLNGDDVN) (0.687 mg/mL) [34], PSYV (2.64 mg/mL) [28], HFGDPFH (0.50 mg/mL) [32], Phe-Pro-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ile (FPELLI) (0.57 mg/mL) and Val-Phe-Ala-Ala-Leu (VFAAL) (0.31 mg/mL) [4], as well as that of Tyr-Pro-Pro-Ala-Lys (YPPAK) (0.228 mg/mL) [23], Pro-Ser-Lys-Tyr-Glu-Pro-Phe-Val (PSKYEPFV) (2.86 mg/mL) [35], PYSFK (2.283 mg/mL), GFGPL (1.612 mg/mL), VGGRP (2.055 mg/mL) [30], Tyr-Leu-Gly-Ala-Lys (YLGAK) (scavenging rate: 45.14% at 0.5 mg/mL), Gly-Gly-Leu-Glu-Pro-Ile-Asn-Phe-Gln (GGLEPINFQ) (scavenging rate: 41.07% at 0.5 mg/mL) [36], Asn-Gly-Leu-Glu-Gly-Leu-Lys (NGLEGLK) (0.313 mg/mL), Asn-Ala-Asp-Phe-Gly-Leu-Asn-Gly-Leu-Glu-Gly-Leu-Ala (NADFGLNGLEGLA) (0.612 mg/mL) [32], FIMGPY (3.04), GPAGDY (3.92 mg/mL) and IVAGPQ (5.03 mg/mL) [11] from the protein hydrolysates of scalloped hammerhead muscle, conger eel, weatherfish loach, mussel sauce, Chinese cherry seeds, blue mussel, grass carp, egg white, giant squid and skate ( R. porosa ) cartilage. The three isolated peptides, especially SCPE-C, revealed good HO• scavenging activity, which demonstrated that it could serve as a scavenger to reduce or eliminate the damage induced by HO• in foods and biological systems.…”

Anti-Fatigue Effect by Peptide Fraction from Protein Hydrolysate of Croceine Croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) Swim Bladder through Inhibiting the Oxidative Reactions including DNA Damage

“…As shown in Figure 2A, the HO• scavenging rate of SBP-III-3 showed a dose-response relationship, and the EC 50 of SBP-III-3 was 0.867 mg/mL, which was lower than those of Pro–Ser–Tyr–Val (PSYV) (2.64 mg/mL) [18], Pro–Ser–Lys–Tyr–Glu–Pro–Phe–Val (PSKYEPFV) (2.86 mg/mL) [19], Pro–Tyr–Ser–Phe–Lys (PYSFK) (2.283 mg/mL), Gly–Phe–Gly–Pro–Leu (GFGPL) (1.612 mg/mL), Val–Gly–Gly–Arg–Pro (VGGRP) (2.055 mg/mL) [20], Phe–Ile–Met–Gly–Pro–Tyr (FIMGPY) (3.037 mg/mL), Gly–Pro–Ala–Gly–Asp–Tyr (GPAGDY) (3.92 mg/mL), and Ile–Val–Ala–Gly–Pro–Gln (IVAGPQ) (5.03 mg/mL) [10] from protein hydrolysates of weatherfish loach muscle, grass carp muscle and skin, and skate cartilages. SBP-III-3 showed good HO• scavenging activity, which demonstrated that it could serve as a scavenger for reducing the damage induced by HO• in biological systems.…”

“…SBP-III-3 scavenged DPPH• in a concentration-effect manner with EC 50 of 0.895 mg/mL, but its activity was lower than the positive control of ascorbic acid. In addition, the EC 50 of SBP-III-3 was lower than those of PSYV (17.0 mg/mL) [18], Phe–Leu–Asn–Glu–Phe–Leu–His–Val (FLNEFLHV) (4.950 mg/mL) [22], Thr–Thr–Ala–Asn–Ile–Glu–Asp–Arg–Arg (TTANIEDRR) (2.503 mg/mL) [23], FIMGPY (2.60 mg/mL), GPAGDY (3.48 mg/mL) and IVAGPQ (3.93 mg/mL) [10], PYSFK (1.575 mg/mL) [20], and Leu–Leu–Pro–Phe (LLPF) (1.084 mg/mL) [24] from hydrolysates of loach, blue mussel, bluefin leatherjacket, salmon pectoral fin, skate cartilage, grass carp skin, and corn gluten meal, but it was higher than those of Gly–Ser–Gln (GSQ) (0.61 mg/mL) [25], Pro–Ile–Ile–Val–Tyr–Trp–Lys (PIIVYWK) (0.713 mg/mL) [20], His–Phe–Gly–Asp–Pro–Phe–His (HFGBPFH) (0.20 mg/mL) [26], Phe–Leu–Pro–Phe (FLPF) (0.789 mg/mL), and Leu–Pro–Phe (LPF) (0.777 mg/mL) [24] from protein hydrolysates of Chinese leek, blue mussel, grass carp skin, mussel sauce and corn gluten meal. Therefore, these results indicated that SBP-III-3 had the strong ability to donate an electron or hydrogen radical for inhibiting the DPPH• reaction.…”

“…As shown in Figure 2D, SBP-III-3 showed strong ABTS + • scavenging activity in a dose-effect manner with EC 50 value of 0.346 mg/mL, which was lower than those of FLNEFLHV (1.548 mg/mL) [22], FLPF (1.497 mg/mL), LPF (1.013 mg/mL), LLPF (1.031 mg/mL) [24], FIMGPY (1.04 mg/mL), GPAGDY (0.77 mg/mL), and IVAGPQ (1.29 mg/mL) [10], VGGRP (0.465 mg/mL) [20], Trp–Glu–Gly–Pro–Lys (WEGPK) (5.407 mg/mL), Gly–Pro–Pro (GPP) (2.472 mg/mL), and Gly–Val–Pro–Leu–Thr (GVPLT) (3.124 mg/mL) [17] from protein hydrolysates of salmon, corn gluten meal, skate cartilage, grass carp skin, and bluefin leatherjacket heads. These results indicated that SBP-III-3 could convert ABTS + • to its colorless neutral form and block the free radical reaction.…”