“…It has been purified and characterized from the hemolymph of insect species in the Diptera (Sarcophaga bullata, Van Mellaert et al, 1985;Aedes aegypti, Van Heusden et al, 1997;Drosophila melanogaster, Fernando-Warnakulasuriya and Wells, 1988), Hymenoptera (Apis mellifera, de Kort and Koopmanschap, 1986), Coleoptera (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, de Kort and Koopmanschap, 1987), Lepidoptera (several species, see review: Soulages and Wells, 1994), Hemiptera (Triatoma, Ganzalez et al, 1991;Rhodnius, Coelho et al, 1997), Orthoptera (Locusta migratoria, Chino and Kitazawa, 1981), Isop-HDLp facilitates absorption of neutral and polar lipids from the gut, and it transports diacylglycerols from the fat body to muscle to fuel flight (Chino, 1985;Van der Horst et al, 1993;Blacklock and Ryan, 1994;Soulages and Wells, 1994). Lipophorin also delivers pheromones to the cuticle (Gu et al, 1995;Pho et al, 1996) and specialized pheromone glands (Schal et al, 1998a), hydrocarbons to the epicuticle, fat body, and ovaries (Chino et al, 1977;Chino, 1985;Katagiri and de Kort, 1991;Gu et al, 1995;Schal et al, 1998b), and retinoids to yet undetermined locations (Kutty et al, 1996). It has specific, high-affinity binding sites for juvenile hormone (JH) III in species in the Coleoptera, Isoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Dictyoptera (Trowell, 1992; and, in this context, the primary functions of HDLp are thought to be facilitation of transport of the hydrophobic hormone from the site of synthesis to target tissues (Whitmore and Gilbert, 1972) and protection of the hormone from enzymatic degradation by hemolymph esterases and epoxide hydrolases (Sanburg et al, 1975a, b;Hammock et al, 1975;Goodman, 1990;Lanzrein et al, 1993;Touhara et al, 1996).…”