Purification of Azadirachta indica Seed Cake and Its Impact on Nutritional and Antinutritional Factors

Saxena, Mohanji; Ravikanth, K.; Kumar, Abhishek; Gupta, Ashish; Singh, Brijpal; Sharma, Anirudh

doi:10.1021/jf904336k

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Chromatographic separation of AZA has been performed in isocratic and also in gradient mode. The selection of isocratic elution was generally associated with a faster analysis and lower retention times being therefore the preferred mode of analysis in most studies [6,22,24,37,38,73,74,76,82,85,86]. On the other hand, elution in gradient mode generally resulted in longer chromatographic runs limiting its application [25,81,87,88].…”

Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art

et al. 2019

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Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Neem) is an Indian tree recognized for its activity as pesticide, as well as several pharmacological properties. Among the various compounds already isolated and studied from Neem tree, azadirachtin (AZA) was identified as the main bioactive compound. Azadirachtin can be found at different parts of the Neem plant but assumes its maximum concentration at the seed level. This compound features a quite complex chemical structure, which justifies the 20-plus-year difficulty to identify the synthetic pathway that subsequently permitted to carry out its artificial synthesis. Azadirachtin is widely used as a basis for production of biopesticides; nevertheless, other properties have been recognized for this substance, among which the an-ticancer and antimalarial activity stand out. The methods available for azadirachtin extraction are diverse, including solid-liquid extraction and extraction with solvents at high or low temperatures. Alcohol based solvents are associated with higher extraction yields and are therefore preferred for the isolation of azadirachtin from plant parts. Clean-up of the extracts is generally required for further purification. The highest azadirachtin levels have been obtained from Neem seeds but concentration values present a large variation between batches. Therefore, in addition to extraction procedures, it is essential to establish routine methods for azadirachtin identification and quantification. Chromatography-based techniques are preferably selected for detection and quantification of azadirachtin in plant matrices. Overall, this process will guarantee a future reproducible, safe and effective use of the extracts in formulations for commercial applications.

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Section: Methods Of Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art

et al. 2019

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“…The insecticide concentration was determined by HPLC, using a Beckman Coulter Inc., System Gold HPLC (Fullerton, CA, USA) equipped with a diode-array detector and 32 Karat data station. HPLC operating conditions to analyze azadirachtin were described previously by other authors. − The mobile phase was an acetonitrile–water mixture 40:60, the flow rate was 1 mL/min, and the column used was a Nova-Pak C18 4 μm 3.9 × 150 mm supplied by Waters Assoc. (Massachusetts, USA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Azadirachtin Alginate-Biosorbent Based Formulations: Water Release Kinetics and Photodegradation Study

Flores‐Céspedes

Martínez-Domínguez

Villafranca‐Sánchez

et al. 2015

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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The botanical insecticide azadirachtin was incorporated in alginate-based granules to obtain controlled release formulations (CRFs). The basic formulation [sodium alginate (1.47%) - azadirachtin (0.28%) - water] was modified by the addition of biosorbents, obtaining homogeneous hybrid hydrogels with high azadirachtin entrapment efficiency. The effect on azadirachtin release rate caused by the incorporation of biosorbents such as lignin, humic acid, and olive pomace in alginate formulation was studied by immersion of the granules in water under static conditions. The addition of the biosorbents to the basic alginate formulation reduces the rate of release because the lignin-based formulation produces a slower release. Photodegradation experiments showed the potential of the prepared formulations in protecting azadirachtin against simulated sunlight, thus improving its stability. The results showed that formulation prepared with lignin provided extended protection. Therefore, this study provides a new procedure to encapsulate the botanical insecticide azadirachtin, improving its delivery and photostability.

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“…Content Origin Reference Seeds 0.19%(w/w) India [70] 210.93 mg/g India [71] 0.08% (w/w) India [72] 3030.8 g/kg India [73] 0.56%-0.30% (w/w) India [73] 142-9,527 μg/g India [74] 0.08%-0.095% (w/w) India [75] 3,862.9-48,521 μg/g China [76] 6.5-8.2 mg/g China [77] 8.2 g/kg China [77] 0.0867% (w/w) Togo West Africa [78] 752 ppm Germany [79] 0.16%-0.27% (w/w) Brazil [80] 0.20%-0.51% (w/w) Brazil [81] 0.431% (w/w) Brazil [82] 0.476-3.09 mg/g Sudan [83] 2.24 g/kg Senegal [84] 5,419.08 pg/μg Mali [85] Callus 0.00005% (w/w) Togo West Africa [78] 0.2470 μg/g India [86] 214.53 mg/g DW India [87] Leaves 182.42 pg/μg Mali [85] 182.42 μg/g India [88] 969.9-5,419.08 μg/g China [76] 86.45 mg/g DW Iran [89] culture enable the in vivo biosynthesis of azadirachtin, the low yields fall short of meeting the actual demand.…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

A comprehensive review of azadirachtin: physicochemical properties, bioactivities, production, and biosynthesis

Su,

Liang,

Xue

et al. 2023

Acupuncture and Herbal Medicine

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Azadirachtin, a complex tetratriterpenoid limonin with potent insecticidal properties, is the most widely used biological pesticide worldwide. Its versatile pharmacological applications include the inhibition of tumor growth and anti-malarial, anti-bacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Azadirachtin plays a pivotal role in pest control and novel drug development. The primary source of azadirachtin is the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), with an azadirachtin content ranging from 0.3% to 0.5%. Despite the market demand for botanical pesticides reaching approximately 100,000 tons per year, the annual neem production in China is only 1.14 tons. Although azadirachtin can be obtained through plant extraction or chemical synthesis, the quantity obtained does not meet the market demand in China. The sluggish pace of azadirachtin biosynthesis results from the limited availability of genetic information and the complexity of the synthetic pathway. Recent advancements in azadirachtin biosynthesis hold promise as an efficient collection method. In this study, we explored the physicochemical properties, biological activities, mechanisms of action, and acquisition methods of azadirachtin. We also delved into recent progress in azadirachtin biosynthesis and assessed potential future usage challenges. This study aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the scientific application and efficient synthesis of azadirachtin, offering valuable reference information to the industry.

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Purification of Azadirachta indica Seed Cake and Its Impact on Nutritional and Antinutritional Factors

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art

Chemistry, bioactivities, extraction and analysis of azadirachtin: State-of-the-art

Preparation and Characterization of Azadirachtin Alginate-Biosorbent Based Formulations: Water Release Kinetics and Photodegradation Study

A comprehensive review of azadirachtin: physicochemical properties, bioactivities, production, and biosynthesis

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