Purity Profiles for Heroin, Morphine, and Morphine Hydrochloride

Hays, Sue E.; Grady, Lee T.; Kruegel, Alice V

doi:10.1002/jps.2600620928

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Hays et al (7) reported unsuccessful quantitation chromatography of morphine under a variety of mobile and stationary phase conditions because of peak asymmetry. Liquid chromatography of weak bases such as morphine (pKa = 8.0) presents special problems because of the pH-dependent dissociation of the conjugate acid.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Quantitation of Morphine and Paraben Preservatives in Morphine Injectables

Austin

Mather

1978

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Quantitation of Morphine and Paraben Preservatives in Morphine Injectables

Austin

Mather

1978

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences

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“…The synthesis of heroin is a two‐stage reaction starting from morphine. In the presence of acetic anhydride, morphine is initially acetylated at the phenolic hydroxyl group (position 3) to form 3‐acetylmorphine followed by a further acetylation reaction at the alcoholic hydroxyl group (position 6) resulting in the formation of 3,6‐diacetylmorphine (Figure ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of recent heroin abuse: Accepting the challenge

Maas

Madea

Heß

2017

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Confirmation or exclusion of recent heroin consumption is still one of the major challenges for forensic and clinical toxicologists. A great variety of biomarkers is available for heroin abuse confirmation, including various opium alkaloids (eg, morphine, codeine), street heroin impurities (eg, 6-acetylcodeine [6-AC], noscapine, papaverine) as well as associated metabolites (eg, 6-monoacetylmorphine [6-MAM], morphine glucuronides). However, the presence of most of these biomarkers cannot solely be attributed to a previous heroin administration but can, among other things, also be due to consumption of poppy seed products ('poppy seed defense'), opium preparations or specific medications, respectively. A reliable allocation is of great importance in different contexts, for instance in the case of DUID (driving under the influence of drugs) investigations, in driving licence re-granting processes, in workplace drug testing (WDT), as well as in post-mortem identification of illicit opiate use. Additionally, differentiation between illicit street heroin abuse and pharmaceutical heroin administration is also important, especially within the frame of heroin-assisted treatments. Therefore, analysis of multiple biomarkers is recommended when illicit opiate consumption is assumed to obtain the most reliable results possible. Beyond that, interpretation of positive opiate test results requires a profound insight into the great variety of biomarkers available and their validity regarding the alleged consumption. This paper aims to provide an overview of the wide variety of heroin abuse biomarkers described in the literature and to review them regarding their utility and reliability in daily routine analysis.

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“…Regardless of this fact, heroin synthesis has not changed much within a century. Some general ways of heroin synthesis that we have found in the literature were acetylation of morphine at elevated temperatures with an excess of acetic anhydride [1,[4][5][6][7][8] or with acetic anhydride in combination with pyridine [9,10], benzene [11] or sodium acetate [12]. It has been reported that the time needed for the acetylation to be completed is from several hours to a few days.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

4-Dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst in heroin synthesis

Klemenc

2002

Forensic Science International

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In this paper, we describe an acetylating method for fast synthesis of heroin from morphine in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (4-DMAP) as a catalyst. In the reaction which led to heroin formation, the morphine base was subjected to a solution made up of 4-DMAP (catalyst), methylene chloride (solvent) and acetic anhydride (acetylating agent). We showed that in comparison with classic acetylating procedures, reaction time can be reduced from at least several hours at elevated temperatures to <10 min at room temperature. In general, reaction time is dependant on the molar concentration ratio between morphine and 4-DMAP. #

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Purity Profiles for Heroin, Morphine, and Morphine Hydrochloride

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

Simultaneous Quantitation of Morphine and Paraben Preservatives in Morphine Injectables

Simultaneous Quantitation of Morphine and Paraben Preservatives in Morphine Injectables

Confirmation of recent heroin abuse: Accepting the challenge

4-Dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst in heroin synthesis

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