Puroindolines: Their Role in Grain Hardness and Plant Defence

Giroux, Michael J.; Sripo, Thanya; Gerhardt, Shirley A.; Sherwood, John E.

doi:10.1080/02648725.2003.10648047

Cited by 34 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…PIN proteins are inhibitory to plant pathogenic fungi when tested in vitro (Capparelli et al 2005;Dubreil et al 1998a) or expressed in transgenic plants: rice, wheat and apple (Faize et al 2004;Giroux et al 2003;Krishnamurthy et al 2001a;Luo et al 2008). PIN extracted from the leaves of transgenic rice with constitutive expression of Pina and Pinb reduced the in vitro growth of two major fungal pathogens of rice, Magnaporthe grisea (rice blast) and Rhizoctonia solani (sheath blight), respectively by 35 and 50%.…”

Section: Other Functions/properties Of Puroindolinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The determinants of grain texture in cereals

2009

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Kernel hardness is an important agronomic trait that influences end-product properties. In wheat cultivars, this trait is determined by the Puroindoline a (Pina) and Puroindoline b (Pinb) genes, located in the Hardness locus (Ha) on chromosome 5DS of the D genome. Wild type alleles code puroindoline a (PINA) and puroindoline b (PINB) proteins, which form a 15-kDa friabilin present on the surface of water-washed starch granules. Both the proteins are accumulated in the starch endosperm cells and aleurone of the mature kernels. Puroindoline-like genes coding puroindoline-like proteins in the starch endosperm occur in some of the genomes of Triticeae and Aveneae cereals. Orthologs are present in barley, rye and oats. However, some genomes of these diploid and polyploid cereals, like that of Triticum turgidum var. durum (AABB) lack the puroindoline genes, having a very hard kernel texture. The two wild type alleles in opposition (dominant loci) control the soft phenotype. Mutation either in Pina or Pinb or in both leads to a medium-hard or hard kernel texture. The most frequent types of Pin mutations are point mutations within the coding sequence resulting in the substitution of a single amino acid or a null allele. The latter is the result of a frame shift determined by base deletion or insertion or a one-point mutation to the stop codon. The lipid-binding properties of the puroindolines affect not only the dough quality but also the plants' resistance to pathogens. Genetic modification of cereals with Puroindoline genes and/or their promoters enable more detailed functional analyses and the production of plants with the desired characteristics.

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Section: Other Functions/properties Of Puroindolinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The determinants of grain texture in cereals

2009

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“…The extracted proteins were then fractionated using SDS-PAGE on 10%-20% Tris-HCl polyacrylamide gels (Bio-Rad, Hercules, Calif.). Gels were then stained, de-stained, and dried as described in Giroux et al (2003). To quantify the amount of bound puroindoline a scale ranging from 1x to 8x, in multiples of 1x was used.…”

Section: Friabilin Protein Extraction and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The puroindoline proteins were extracted following methods previously described by Giroux et al (2003). To quantify total puroindoline abundance a scale ranging from 1x to 8x, in multiples of 1x, was used.…”

Section: Tx-114 Protein Extraction and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheat puroindolines interact to form friabilin and control wheat grain hardness

et al. 2003

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Wheat grain is sold based upon several physiochemical characteristics, one of the most important being grain texture. Grain texture in wheat directly affects many end use qualities such as milling yield, break flour yield, and starch damage. The hardness (Ha) locus located on the short arm of chromosome 5D is known to control grain hardness in wheat. This locus contains the puroindoline A ( pina) and puroindoline B ( pinb) genes. All wheats to date that have mutations in pina or pinb are hard textured, while wheats possessing both the 'soft type' pina-D1a and pinb-D1a sequences are soft. Furthermore, it has been shown that complementation of the pinb-D1b mutation in hard spring wheat can restore a soft phenotype. Here, our objective was to identify and characterize the effect the puroindoline genes have on grain texture independently and together. To accomplish this we transformed a hard red spring wheat possessing a pinb-D1b mutation with 'soft type' pina and pinb, creating transgenic isolines that have added pina, pinb, or pina and pinb. Northern blot analysis of developing control and transgenic lines indicated that grain hardness differences were correlated with the timing of the expression of the native and transgenically added puroindoline genes. The addition of PINA decreased grain hardness less than the reduction seen with added PINB. Seeds from lines having more 'soft type' PINB than PINA were the softest. Friabilin abundance was correlated with the presence of both 'soft type' PINA and PINB and did not correlate well with total puroindoline abundance. The data indicates that PINA and PINB interact to form friabilin and together affect wheat grain texture.

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“…These proteins have also been implicated in allergic responses in human (SanchezMonge et al 1992;Franken et al 1994). Another set of putative defense proteins on the list are the basic cysteine-rich lipid-binding proteins purothionin and puroindoline (Gautier et al 1994;Giroux et al 2003). Purothionin protein is toxic to some bacteria, to yeasts, and to animals when injected.…”

Section: Defense Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the wheat endosperm transcriptome

Laudencia‐Chingcuanco

Stamova

Lazo

et al. 2006

J Appl Genet

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Among the cereals, wheat is the most widely grown geographically and is part of the staple diet in much of the world. Understanding how the cereal endosperm develops and functions will help generate better tools to manipulate grain qualities important to end-users. We used a genomics approach to identify and characterize genes that are expressed in the wheat endosperm. We analyzed the 17,949 publicly available wheat endosperm EST sequences to identify genes involved in the biological processes that occur within this tissue. Clustering and assembly of the ESTs resulted in the identification of 6,187 tentative unique genes, 2,358 of which formed contigs and 3,829 remained as singletons. A BLAST similarity search against the NCBI non-redundant sequence database revealed abundant messages for storage proteins, putative defense proteins, and proteins involved in starch and sucrose metabolism. The level of abundance of the putatively identified genes reflects the physiology of the developing endosperm. Half of the identified genes have unknown functions. Approximately 61% of the endosperm ESTs has been tentatively mapped in the hexaploid wheat genome. Using microarrays for global RNA profiling, we identified endosperm genes that are specifically up regulated in the developing grain.

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Puroindolines: Their Role in Grain Hardness and Plant Defence

Cited by 34 publications

References 45 publications

The determinants of grain texture in cereals

The determinants of grain texture in cereals

Wheat puroindolines interact to form friabilin and control wheat grain hardness

Analysis of the wheat endosperm transcriptome

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