“…Notwithstanding its intuitive theoretical value and lasting usefulness in a wide range of different disciplines (e.g., Burhan, Mohamad, Kurniawan, & Sidek, 2014;Jackson et al, 2014;Rajasakran, Sinnappan, & Raja, 2014;Taormina & Gao, 2013), Maslow's approach has sometimes been criticized for a number of reasons, but within specific contexts of application and not on a universal level. These include its linear and upward directional build-up, the rigidness of its layers, the questionable upper position of self-esteem, and a too "individualistic" emphasis on self-actualization (Rajasakran et al, 2014). Critique on the lack of empirical validation is not entirely fair, as some studies clearly go into that direction (e.g., Burhan et al, 2014;Taormina & Gao, 2013).…”