Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer

Osada, Kensuke; Miyazono, Sadaharu; Kashiwayanagi, Makoto

doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00276

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…This would be in accordance with previous studies (Osada et al 2014, S anchez-Gonz alez et al 2017). Voles would feel safer in control and social odor treatments and spend more time in boxes containing those treatments.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 94%

“…In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016. In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Co-evolution of predator and prey species suggests prey evolved a number of sensory and behavioral adaptations in order to recognize and avoid predators. In many mammalian prey species, this includes behavioral changes such as freezing, avoidance, and heightened vigilance, but also the ability to detect and correctly recognize the odors emitted by predators, from here on predator odor (PO), which serve as triggers for the adaptive behaviors previously mentioned (Kats and Dill 1998, Dielenberg and McGregor 2001, Sundell and Yl€ onen 2004, Conover 2007, Osada et al 2014, Apfelbach et al 2015, Sievert and Laska 2016. Indirect effects of predation, for example, decreased reproduction (Yl€ onen and , Sheriff et al 2009, 2015, as well as the interaction of risk and competition, are drawing increasing attention in current literature (e.g., Apfelbach et al 2005, Parsons et al 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondhand horror: effects of direct and indirect predator cues on behavior and reproduction of the bank vole

et al. 2019

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Citation: Sievert, T., M. Haapakoski, R. Palme, H. Voipio, and H. Yl€ onen. 2019. Secondhand horror: effects of direct and indirect predator cues on behavior and reproduction of the bank vole. Ecosphere 10(6):Abstract. Risk recognition by prey is of paramount importance within the evolutionary arms race between predator and prey. Prey species are able to detect direct predator cues like odors and adjust their behavior appropriately. The question arises whether an indirect predation cue, such as the odor of scared individuals, can be detected by conspecifics and subsequently affects recipient behavior. Parents may also transfer their experience with predators to their offspring. In two experiments, we assessed how direct and indirect predation cues affect bank vole (Myodes glareolus) foraging behavior, reproduction, and pup fitness. Weasel (Mustela nivalis) odor served as the direct cue, whereas the odor of weasel-scared conspecifics, alarm pheromones, was used as an indirect cue and both of those were compared to a control odor, clean wood shavings. Alarm pheromones attracted female voles, measured as time in proximity to the treatment and foraging. Both predator odor and alarm pheromones enhanced reproduction compared to the control odor. Females treated with alarm pheromone had significantly higher pregnancy rates, and pups from predator-treated mothers were significantly heavier at birth. Our study provides two novel ideas. First, the impact of a predator can be socially transmitted. Second, predation risk likely triggers terminal investment in reproduction.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondhand horror: effects of direct and indirect predator cues on behavior and reproduction of the bank vole

et al. 2019

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“…For example, natural predator odors elicit species-specific fear behaviors (e.g. “tail-flag, flight and jump behaviors in deer exposed to wolf urine; Osada et al, 2014; for review see Apfelbach et al, 2005). Fear behaviors associated with exposure to predator odors in animals represent an innate response conserved through evolution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research

Cortese¹,

Leslie²,

Uhde³

2015

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background Given that odors enhance the retrieval of autobiographical memories, induce physiological arousal, and trigger trauma-related flashbacks, it is reasonable to hypothesize that odors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For these reasons, this preliminary study sought to examine self-reported, odor-elicited distress in PTSD. Methods Combat veterans with (N=30) and without (N=22) PTSD and healthy controls (HC: N=21), completed an olfactory questionnaire that provided information on the hedonic valence of odors as well as their ability to elicit distress or relaxation. Results Two main findings were revealed: Compared to HC, CV+PTSD, but not CV-PTSD, reported a higher prevalence of distress to a limited number of select odors that included fuel (p=.004), blood (p=.02), gunpowder (p=.03), and burning hair (p=.02). In contrast to this increased sensitivity, a blunting effect was reported by both groups of veterans compared to HC that revealed lower rates of distress and relaxation in response to negative hedonic odors (p=.03) and positive hedonic odors (p<.001), respectively. Limitations The study is limited by its use of retrospective survey methods, whereas future investigations would benefit from laboratory measures taken prior, during, and after deployment. Conclusion The present findings suggest a complex role of olfaction in the biological functions of threat detection. Several theoretical models are discussed. One possible explanation for increased sensitivity to select odors with decreased sensitivity to other odors is the co-occurrence of attentional bias toward threat odors with selective ignoring of distractor odors. Working together, these processes may optimize survival.

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“…Similarly, black‐tailed deer ( Odocoileus hemionus columbianus ) can discriminate between the scent of dangerous predators (wolves, Canis lupus ) that have been absent for over 100 years and cues from less‐dangerous predators (black bear, Ursus americanos ) that are currently present (Chamaillé‐Jammes et al., ). Another study (Osada, Miyazono & Kashiwayanagi, ) showed that Hokkaido deer ( Cervus nippon ) would respond to scents of Japanese wolves ( Canis lupus hodophilax ), even though this predator had been extinct locally for about 100 years. Both studies seem to indicate that any phyletic knowledge might persist for long periods of time.…”

Section: Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying Prey Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines

et al. 2017

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Fear of predation is a universal motivator. Because predators hunt using stealth and surprise, there is a widespread ability among prey to assess risk from chemical information -scents -in their environment. Consequently, scents often act as particularly strong modulators of memory and emotions. Recent advances in ecological research and analytical technology are leading to novel ways to use this chemical information to create effective attractants, repellents and anti-anxiolytic compounds for wildlife managers, conservation biologists and health practitioners. However, there is extensive variation in the design, results, and interpretation of studies of olfactory-based risk discrimination. To understand the highly variable literature in this area, we adopt a multi-disciplinary approach and synthesize the latest findings from neurobiology, chemical ecology, and ethology to propose a contemporary framework that accounts for such disparate factors as the time-limited stability of chemicals, highly canalized mechanisms that influence prey responses, and the context within which these scents are detected (e.g. availability of alternative resources, perceived shelter, and ambient physical parameters). This framework helps to account for the wide range of reported responses by prey to predator scents, and explains, paradoxically, how the same individual predator scent can be interpreted as either safe or dangerous to a prey animal depending on how, when and where the cue was deposited. We provide a hypothetical example to illustrate the most common factors that influence how a predator scent (from dingoes, Canis dingo) may both attract and repel the same target organism (kangaroos, Macropus spp.). This framework identifies the catalysts that enable dynamic scents, odours or odorants to be used as attractants as well as deterrents. Because effective scent tools often relate to traumatic memories (fear and/or anxiety) that cause future avoidance, this information may also guide the development of appeasement, enrichment and anti-anxiolytic compounds, and help explain the observed variation in post-traumatic-related behaviours (including post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD) among diverse terrestrial taxa, including humans.

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Pyrazine analogs are active components of wolf urine that induce avoidance and fear-related behaviors in deer

Cited by 28 publications

References 42 publications

Secondhand horror: effects of direct and indirect predator cues on behavior and reproduction of the bank vole

Secondhand horror: effects of direct and indirect predator cues on behavior and reproduction of the bank vole

Differential odor sensitivity in PTSD: Implications for treatment and future research

Biologically meaningful scents: a framework for understanding predator–prey research across disciplines

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