Pyrethroid residues on tropical soil of an Indonesian tea plantation: analytical method development, monitoring, and risk assessment

Abstract

Despite their massive application in tea plantation, synthetic pyrethroids had never been detected in tropical soils of tea plantation thus their risk has never been assessed. This research reported the detection of synthetic pyrethroids in tea plantation and assessed their aquatic ecotoxicological risk. A simplified analytical method based on the application of a miniaturized sample, solvent, and efficient ultra-sonic assisted extraction was developed for the determination of pyrethroids in the soil. The method was validated with the result of all parameters (recovery, % relative standard deviations, linearity, limit of detection (LoD), and matrix effect) met the acceptance limits suggested by European Commission guideline, thus deemed acceptable for the assessment of pyrethroids in tropical soil of tea plantation during the wet and dry season. Of the five synthetic pyrethroids, only permethrin was detected in both wet and dry seasons (< LoD-0.36 μg g − 1), whereas deltamethrin was detected only in wet season (< LoD-0.12 μg g − 1). Scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry and X-ray diffraction revealed that the soil constituted by various soil minerals made permethrin more likely to persist than deltamethrin. Aquatic ecotoxicological risk assessment was performed on the basis of comparison between the maximum equilibrium concentration expected in water (ECEW max) value and lethal concentration (LC 50) of pyrethroids exposure for aquatic species (algae, crustacean, and fish) inhabiting the Upper Citarum River. The ECEW max value for the present condition was lower than LC 50 for all examined species, indicating that the highlevel contamination in the future should have posed a high risk for all aquatic species based on their LC 50 .

Life cycle assessment of simultaneous pyrethroid extraction in soil matrices: A comparative study with QuEChERS method

“…QuEChERS or the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe is one of the extraction processes claimed as the greenest methodology as an alternative to the traditional extraction method [31]. In the present study, the life cycle assessment of a developed extraction method or modified QuEChERS [8] was assessed and compared to the European standard extraction method [7]. In this study, the modified QuEChERS from previous research [8] was validated and has been proven suitable for pyrethroid analysis in soil matrix.…”

“…The proposed method for pyrethroid extraction in this study was previously explained in detail [8]. Briefly, five pyrethroids were extracted from the soil using the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method.…”

“…Several extraction processes based on green analytical chemistry for pyrethroids analysis in soil matrix have been proposed [2][3][4]. The application of ultrasonic-assisted extraction for pyrethroids extraction from soil has been successfully applied either in conventional methods [5,6] or newly developed method based on green analytical chemistry through miniaturization and QuEChERS 1017 (2022) 012018 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1017/1/012018 2 methods [3,7,8]. Compared to the Soxhlet application, the introduced green extraction methods, ultrasonic-assisted extraction has reduced the environmental impact through sample miniaturization and less solvent used [2], [9], [10], [11].…”

“…Furthermore, due to their higher affinity for organic carbon and clay in the soil, pyrethroids persist longer [2,12]. However, nowadays, pyrethroids has been proven was found in the surface water and bioaccumulated in the aquatic organism and humans [8,13].…”

“…In the present study, the life cycle assessment of a developed extraction method or modified QuEChERS [8] was assessed and compared to the European standard extraction method [7]. In this study, the modified QuEChERS from previous research [8] was validated and has been proven suitable for pyrethroid analysis in soil matrix. Similarly, the QuEChERS extraction procedure established from the European method EN15662 2008 [7] was claimed as a suitable method for pyrethroid extraction in the soil.…”