Modulating the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is a promising
strategy
for treating various human diseases. KOR agonists show potential for
treating pain, pruritus, and epilepsy, while KOR antagonists show
potential for treating depression, anxiety, and addiction. The diterpenoid
Salvinorin A (SalA), a secondary metabolite of Salvia divinorum, is a potent and selective KOR agonist. Unlike typical opioids,
SalA lacks a basic nitrogen, which encouraged us to search for nonbasic
KOR ligands. Through structure-based virtual screening using 3D pharmacophore
models based on the binding mode of SalA, we identified novel, nonbasic,
potent, and selective KOR agonists. In vitro studies
confirmed two virtual hits, SalA-VS-07 and SalA-VS-08, as highly selective for the KOR and showing G protein-biased KOR
agonist activity. Both KOR ligands share a novel spiro-moiety and
a nonbasic scaffold. Our findings provide novel starting points for
developing therapeutics aimed at treating pain and other conditions
in which KOR is a central player.