Pyrometallurgical Routes for the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Yin, Huayi; Xing, Pengfei

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31834-5_3

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 40 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Another limitation of pyrometallurgical methods is that they cannot be developed for small-scale commercial operation. Additionally, these methods sometimes lead to the loss of precious recovered materials in high-temperature smelting furnaces and they have some limitations in terms of the full recovery of materials with a high affinity towards oxygen since they are usually bound as an oxide in the slag [63]; for instance, the slagging of lithium requires a substantial effort to be solved [36,64]. In some cases, reactor turbulence issues can also be found in pyrometallurgical techniques which is due to the presence of various gases and leads to material accumulation at the bottom of the reactor [65].…”

Section: Pyrometallurgical Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic Materials Obtained from E-Waste Recycling: Review, Techniques, Critique, and Update

Bahadoran

Lile

Masudy‐Panah

et al. 2022

JMMP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Waste-derived materials obtained from the recovery and recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) such as batteries and printed circuit boards have attracted enormous attention from academia and industry in recent years, especially due to their eco-friendly nature and the massive increment in e-waste due to technological development. Several investigations in the literature have covered the advances achieved so far. Meanwhile, photocatalytic applications are especially of interest since they maintain mutual benefits and can be used for H2 production from solar water splitting based on semiconductor processing as a proper environmentally friendly technique for solar energy conversion. In addition, they can be utilized to degrade a variety of organic and non-organic contaminations. Nonetheless, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there has not been any comprehensive review that has specifically been focused on e-waste-derived photocatalytic materials. In this regard, the present work is dedicated to thoroughly discussing the related mechanisms, strategies, and methods, as well as the various possible photocatalysts synthesized from e-wastes with some critiques in this field. This brief overview can introduce modern technologies and promising possibilities for e-waste valorization, photocatalytic processes, and new photocatalytic degradation methods of eco-friendly nature. This paper discusses various e-waste-obtained photocatalytic materials, synthesis procedures, and applications, as well as several types of e-waste, derived materials such as TiO2, ZnO, indium tin oxide, and a variety of sulfide- and ferrite-based photocatalytic materials.

show abstract

Section: Pyrometallurgical Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photocatalytic Materials Obtained from E-Waste Recycling: Review, Techniques, Critique, and Update

Bahadoran

Lile

Masudy‐Panah

et al. 2022

JMMP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The process idea is to prevent lithium from being slagged and to recover it as a part of the gas phase instead. First trials, presented in [5], already showed that the amount of slag obtained is significantly lower than what should be expected from other pyrometallurgical processes [32,33]. However, it has not yet been proven if lithium can actually be removed via the gas phase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Investigation of Potential Recovery Rates of Nickel, Manganese, Cobalt, and Particularly Lithium from NMC-Type Cathode Materials (LiNixMnyCozO2) by Carbo-Thermal Reduction in an Inductively Heated Carbon Bed Reactor

Windisch-Kern

Holzer

Wiszniewski

et al. 2021

Metals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Within the e-mobility sector, which represents a major driver of the development of the overall lithium-ion battery market, batteries with nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) cathode chemistries are currently gaining ground. This work is specifically dedicated to this NMC battery type and investigates achievable recovery rates of the valuable materials contained when applying an unconventional, pyrometallurgical reactor concept. For this purpose, the currently most prevalent NMC modifications (5-3-2, 6-2-2, and 8-1-1) with carbon addition were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and treated in a lab-scale application of the mentioned reactor principle. It was shown that the reactor concept achieves high recovery rates for nickel, cobalt, and manganese of well above 80%. For lithium, which is usually oxidized and slagged, the transfer coefficient into the slag phase was less than 10% in every experimental trial. Instead, it was possible to remove the vast amount of it via a gas phase, which could potentially open up new paths regarding metal recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries.

show abstract

“…The oxygen potential is also responsible for one of the biggest disadvantages of pyrometallurgy. Lithium, which has a much higher oxygen affinity, cannot be recovered as part of the metal alloy but is bound as an oxide in the slag instead [2,20,[24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pyrometallurgical Lithium-Ion-Battery Recycling: Approach to Limiting Lithium Slagging with the InduRed Reactor Concept

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The complexity of the waste stream of spent lithium-ion batteries poses numerous challenges on the recycling industry. Pyrometallurgical recycling processes have a lot of benefits but are not able to recover lithium from the black matter since lithium is slagged due to its high oxygen affinity. The presented InduRed reactor concept might be a promising novel approach, since it does not have this disadvantage and is very flexible concerning the chemical composition of the input material. To prove its basic suitability for black matter processing, heating microscope experiments, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry have been conducted to characterize the behavior of nickel rich cathode materials (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2) as well as black matter from a pretreatment process under reducing conditions. Another experimental series in a lab scale InduRed reactor was further used to investigate achievable transfer coefficients for the metals of interest. The promising results show technically feasible reaction temperatures of 800 ∘C to 1000 ∘C and high recovery potentials for nickel, cobalt and manganese. Furthermore, the slagging of lithium was largely prevented and a lithium removal rate of up to 90% of its initial mass was achieved.

show abstract

Pyrometallurgical Routes for the Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cited by 15 publications

References 40 publications

Photocatalytic Materials Obtained from E-Waste Recycling: Review, Techniques, Critique, and Update

Photocatalytic Materials Obtained from E-Waste Recycling: Review, Techniques, Critique, and Update

Investigation of Potential Recovery Rates of Nickel, Manganese, Cobalt, and Particularly Lithium from NMC-Type Cathode Materials (LiNixMnyCozO2) by Carbo-Thermal Reduction in an Inductively Heated Carbon Bed Reactor

Pyrometallurgical Lithium-Ion-Battery Recycling: Approach to Limiting Lithium Slagging with the InduRed Reactor Concept

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About