The bottleneck of recycling chains for spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is the recovery of valuable metals from the black matter that remains after dismantling and deactivation in pre‑treatment processes, which has to be treated in a subsequent step with pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods. In the course of this paper, investigations in a heating microscope were conducted to determine the high-temperature behavior of the cathode materials lithium cobalt oxide (LCO—chem., LiCoO2) and lithium iron phosphate (LFP—chem., LiFePO4) from LIB with carbon addition. For the purpose of continuous process development of a novel pyrometallurgical recycling process and adaptation of this to the requirements of the LIB material, two different reactor designs were examined. When treating LCO in an Al2O3 crucible, lithium could be removed at a rate of 76% via the gas stream, which is directly and purely available for further processing. In contrast, a removal rate of lithium of up to 97% was achieved in an MgO crucible. In addition, the basic capability of the concept for the treatment of LFP was investigated whereby a phosphorus removal rate of 64% with a simultaneous lithium removal rate of 68% was observed.
The complexity of the waste stream of spent lithium-ion batteries poses numerous challenges on the recycling industry. Pyrometallurgical recycling processes have a lot of benefits but are not able to recover lithium from the black matter since lithium is slagged due to its high oxygen affinity. The presented InduRed reactor concept might be a promising novel approach, since it does not have this disadvantage and is very flexible concerning the chemical composition of the input material. To prove its basic suitability for black matter processing, heating microscope experiments, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry have been conducted to characterize the behavior of nickel rich cathode materials (LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 and LiNi0.33Mn0.33Co0.33O2) as well as black matter from a pretreatment process under reducing conditions. Another experimental series in a lab scale InduRed reactor was further used to investigate achievable transfer coefficients for the metals of interest. The promising results show technically feasible reaction temperatures of 800 ∘C to 1000 ∘C and high recovery potentials for nickel, cobalt and manganese. Furthermore, the slagging of lithium was largely prevented and a lithium removal rate of up to 90% of its initial mass was achieved.
Zusammenfassung
Um Klärschlämme auch zukünftig in aktuell angewendeten Mitverbrennungsprozessen (z. B. Müllverbrennungsanlagen, Zementwerke) energetisch und stofflich verwerten zu können, muss eine Möglichkeit zur Rückgewinnung des enthaltenen Phosphors geschaffen werden. Am Lehrstuhl für Thermoprozesstechnik der Montanuniversität Leoben wurde vor einigen Jahren ein Reaktor gebaut – genannt InduRed –, welcher als Herzstück des RecoPhos-Prozesses zur Reduktion von Phosphatverbindungen in Klärschlammaschen dient. Durch das herausfordernde Reaktionsverhalten des Phosphors in Gegenwart von Eisen werden an einen solchen Prozess viele Anforderungen gestellt. Beim RecoPhos-Prozess werden aus Klärschlammasche mittels carbo-thermischer Reduktion in einer induktiv erwärmten Grafitschüttung mit anschließender Nachverbrennung und Gaswäsche Phosphorsäure, eine phosphorarme Metallphase und eine mineralische Restfraktion erzeugt. Das ambitionierte Ziel der Weiterentwicklung und Verbesserung der Phosphorrückgewinnung ist es, eine mehr als 75 %ige Rückgewinnungsrate zu erzielen und darüber hinaus eine für die stoffliche Verwertung geeignete mineralische Fraktion zu gewinnen. Dies soll durch die Wahl geeigneter Additive und schnelle Abkühlung der Restschlacke nach der Reduktion (z. B. durch Trockenschlackengranulation) passieren. In durchgeführten Versuchskampagnen konnten bereits einige Erfolge erzielt werden. So gelang es beispielsweise in einem kontinuierlichen Versuch in der RecoPhos-Anlage des Lehrstuhls für Thermoprozesstechnik an der Montanuniversität Leoben, den Phosphor-Restgehalt in der Schlacke nahezu zu beseitigen bzw. die Anreicherung von Phosphor in der Metallphase zu reduzieren.
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