Pyrosequencing of the subgingival microbiome in peri‐implantitis after non‐surgical mechanical debridement therapy

Abstract

Background and Objectives Peri‐implantitis remains a challenge for dental implant therapy, and the prognosis of non‐surgical therapy for peri‐implantitis is unsatisfactory. In order to reveal the impact of non‐surgical mechanical debridement therapy on microbial communities, we investigated the subgingival microbial communities of healthy implants and implants with peri‐implantitis, both before and after the therapy. Material and Methods Subgingival plaques were collected from patients with healthy dental implants (HC; n = 10) and from patients with peri‐implantitis (n = 13) before and after non‐surgical mechanical debridement therapy. The treatment was conducted using curettes for submucosal debridement followed by irrigation with 0.2% (w/v) chlorhexidine, with re‐examination 1 month later. 16S rRNA pyrosequencing was used to analyze the subgingival microbiome, and co‐occurrence networks were adopted to explore the interactions between pathogens in the microbial communities. Results A total of 506 955 high‐quality reads were generated, and 2222 operational taxonomic units were finally detected using a 97% similarity cutoff, with a mean of 249 ± 69 per sample. The peri‐implantitis sites harbored similar microbial communities before and after the treatment, as demonstrated by the microbial diversity, relative abundance, and prevalence of bacteria. Most importantly, the microbial community structures were stable before and after non‐surgical therapy based on the microbial diversity and bacterial composition, as well as the interactions between key pathogens, including Enterobacteriaceae, Selenomonas sputigena, Parvimonas, Eubacterium infirmum, Campylobacter gracilis, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium, which were measured using a co‐occurrence network analysis. Periodontal pathogens were also detected in subgingival plaque after the treatment. Distinct microbial communities were found between the healthy and peri‐implantitis sites. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that non‐surgical mechanical debridement therapy did not significantly affect the subgingival microbial communities in peri‐implantitis, and the stable microbial networks created via interactions among pathogens may be responsible for the poor prognosis of peri‐implantitis treatment.

Mucosal bleeding correlates with submucosal microbial dysbiosis in peri‐implant mucositis of patients with periodontitis

“…The relative abundance of Tannerella and Porphyromonas decreased after nonsurgical treatment for peri‐implantitis, whereas the relative abundance of Rothia increased (Shiba et al, 2021). A study found Porphyromonas and Treponema could be influenced by peri‐implantitis treatment (Nie et al, 2020). Bacterial species belonging to the genera Porphyromonas , Tannerella , Peptostreptococcus , Filifactor , and Desulfobulbus , such as Porphyromonas gingivalis , Tannerella forsythia , Peptostreptococcaceae XIG‐6 nodatum , Filifactor alocis , and Desulfobulbus sp.…”

Salivary Microbial Dysbiosis Is Associated With Peri-Implantitis: A Case-Control Study in a Brazilian Population

“…Peri-implantitis depicted changes in the submucosal microbiome associated with an increased level of dysbiosis in deeper pockets ( Kröger et al, 2018 ). Some studies have also shown that peri-implant diseases presented higher diversity than clinically healthy peri-implant sites, suggesting that specific species in this pathogenesis could impact in an increasing in the Shannon index ( Komatsu et al, 2020 ; Nie et al, 2020 ). Complementary in this sense, a recent consensus report considered that the microbial picture associated with peri‐implantitis should be regarded as incomplete ( Schwarz et al, 2018 ).…”

Machine learning-assisted immune profiling stratifies peri-implantitis patients with unique microbial colonization and clinical outcomes

“…In our analysis, the standard-of-care surgery effectively reduced the overall bacterial burden and limited the population of keystone pathogens. In contrast, non-surgical mechanical debridement of peri-implantitis does not alter the subgingival microbial communities, and thus yields less predictable treatment outcomes 37 . Notably, patients with a low-risk PIL profile continues to benefit from superior bacterial burden control over time while the bacterial burden was exacerbated more rapidly in patients with a high-risk PIL profile.…”