Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Their Occurrence in Honey from Tansy Ragwort (
            <i>Senecio jacobaea</i>
            L.)

Ml, Deinzer; Thomson, P. A.; Burgett, D. M.; Isaacson, DL

doi:10.1126/science.835011

Cited by 211 publications

(105 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Therefore, The PA-containing plants are poisonous to livestock and wildlife and have caused tremendous livestock loss (Arzt and Mount, 1999;de Lanux-Van Gorder, 2000;Fletcher et al, 2009;Fowler, 1968;Knight et al, 1984;Seaman, 1978Seaman, , 1987Sharrock, 1969;van der Watt et al, 1972;Wiltjer and Walker, 1974). PAs are also the leading plant toxins associated with disease in humans through contamination of staple foods, honey, milk, herbal teas and herbal medicines (Arseculeratne et al, 1981(Arseculeratne et al, , 1985Bach et al, 1989;Bah et al, 1994;Culvenor et al, 1981;Deinzer et al, 1977;Dickinson et al, 1976;Edgar et al, 1992Edgar et al, , 2002Huxtable et al, 1986;Jago, 1969;Kumana et al, 1983Kumana et al, : 1985Mattocks, 1980;Ridker et al, 1985;Roitman, 1981;Steenkamp et al, 2000;White et al, 1984;Zhao et al, 1989).…”

Section: Introduction Occurrence and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Chen

Mei

2010

J of Applied Toxicology

181

133

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Section: Introduction Occurrence and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids

Chen

Mei

2010

J of Applied Toxicology

181

133

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“…Senecionine-type PAs are dominating and present in highest concentrations in the flowering parts. Recently, the transfer of PAs from Senecio-plants (so far mainly Jacobaea vulgaris) into honey and contamination of salads with plant parts of Senecio vulgaris was reported (BfR 2007;Deinzer et al, 1977;Kempf et al, 2011a). The PA-pattern found in S. vulgaris (contamination of salads -BfR 2007) is dominated by seneciphylline, senecionine, retrorsine, integerrimine and spartioidine (tertiary PAs and N-oxides).…”

Section: Important Pa-plants and Pas Currently Identified As Major Somentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feed

2011

EFS2

226

130

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The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. To date, approximately 600 different PAs are known. Results for 13,280 bulk honey and 1324 retail honey samples were provided to EFSA by one Member State and 351 feed samples were provided by a second Member State. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) performed estimates of both acute and chronic exposure to PAs through honey for three different age groups. Although there might be other sources of PA exposure, due to lack of data the CONTAM Panel was not able to quantify dietary exposure from food other than honey. A number of PAs were identified as being of particular importance for food and feed. Based on the present knowledge of metabolism, activation, DNA adduct-formation, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity, the CONTAM Panel concluded that 1,2-unsaturated PAs may act as genotoxic carcinogens in humans. Therefore, the CONTAM Panel decided to apply the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach. A benchmark dose lower confidence limit for a 10 % excess cancer risk (BMDL 10 ) of 70 µg/kg b.w. per day for induction of liver haemangiosarcomas by lasiocarpine in male rats was calculated as the reference point for comparison with the estimated dietary exposure. The CONTAM Panel concluded that there is a possible health concern for those toddlers and children who are high consumers of honey. There is generally a low risk of PA poisoning in livestock and companion animals in the EU as most PA poisonings reported recently are due to accidental exposure. © European Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and feedEFSA Journal 2011;9(11):2406 2 SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the risks to human and animal health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) in food and feed. PAs are toxins exclusively biosynthesised by plants. They are typical plant secondary metabolites against herbivores. It has been estimated that approximately 6000 plant species world wide, representing 3 % of all flowering plants, may contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids. PAs are mainly found in the distantly related angiosperm families of the Boraginaceae (all genera), Asteraceae (tribes Senecioneae and Eupatorieae) and Fabaceae (genus Crotalaria). The PA-content of plant material depends on a large number of factors (species, plant organ, harvest, storage, extraction procedures). Reported contents vary from trace amounts up to 19 % based on dry weight. The name pyrrolizidine is the chemical description of two-fused 5-membered rings with a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead. This motif is the central structure of a variety of PAs. PAs generally consist of an amino alcohol which is referred to as necine or necine base and an acid part which is called a necic acid. Most of the known PAs are este...

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“…Honey was shown to be another source of PA exposure; here it seems that the contamination may be due to the plant pollen, which is rich in PAs, being transferred by bees into the honey [Deinzer, Thomson, et al, 1977;Culvenor, Edgar, et al, 1981;Roeder, 1995Roeder, , 2000Edgar, Roeder, et al, 2002;Beales, Betteridge, et al, 2004;Boppré, Colgate, et al, 2005;Betteridge, Cao, et al, 2005]. Eggs from poultry exposed to PAs in PA-contaminated grain were also shown to be a possible source of PA exposure for humans [Edgar, Smith, 1999].…”

Section: Helmut Wiedenfeldmentioning

confidence: 99%