Qishen Granule Improved Cardiac Remodeling via Balancing M1 and M2 Macrophages

Abstract

Macrophages play a pivotal role in myocardial remodeling (MR) process which could eventually lead to heart failure. Splenic monocytes could be mobilized and recruited under inflammatory conditions and differentiated into different types of macrophages in heart tissues. Inflammatory M1 macrophages could aggravate tissue damage whereas M2 macrophages could promote angiogenesis and tissue repair process. Unbalanced ratio of M1/M2 macrophages may eventually lead to adverse remodeling. Therefore, regulating differentiation and activities of macrophages are potential strategies for the management of myocardial remodeling. Qishen Granule (QSG) is an effective Chinese medicine for treating heart failure. Our previous studies demonstrated that QSG could inhibit myocardial fibrosis through regulating secretion of cytokines and activation of macrophages. However, the detailed effects of QSG on had not been elucidated yet. In this study, we aimed to explore the effect of QSG on the release of splenic monocytes, the recruitment of monocytes into heart tissues and the differentiation of macrophages under ischemic conditions. Our results showed that QSG could suppress the release of monocytes from the spleen and recruitment of monocytes to heart tissues via inhibiting splenic angiotensin (Ang) II/AT1-cardiac monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1/CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) pathway. The anti-fibrotic effect of QSG was exerted by inhibiting M1 macrophage-activated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/Smad3 pathway. Meanwhile, QSG could promote angiogenesis by promoting differentiation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages. Our results suggest that compounds of Chinese medicine have synergistic effects on cardiac and splenic organs through regulating differentiation of monocytes/macrophages in inhibiting myocardial remodeling.

Qishen granules exerts cardioprotective effects on rats with heart failure via regulating fatty acid and glucose metabolism

“…6a). Compared with the sham group, 18 F-FDG uptake of the model group was significantly elevated, as evidenced by the highlight signal shown on PET images (Fig. 6a).…”

“…The matrix size was 2.0 × 2.0 mm with 128 × 128 pixels, and the slice thickness was 3.125 mm. In addition, 18 F-FDG uptake in the regions of interest was also judged quantitatively by measuring the mean standard uptake value (SUV mean ), the max standard uptake value (SUV max ), and the min standard uptake value (SUV min ) of LV and global heart.…”

“…Glucose metabolism was assessed non-invasively by 18 F-FDG PET/CT. PET images displayed transaxial, coronal and sagittal sections of 18 F-FDG uptake in the different groups (Fig.…”

“…QSG is a frequently prescribed formula with impressive cardio-protective properties for many years in China [13]. Previous studies reported that QSG could improve microcirculation by exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis and anti-fibrosis effects [14][15][16][17][18][19]. In our previous study, mRNA transcriptomic analysis was used to investigate the regulatory pathway of QSG on HF rat model [20].…”

Fecal metabolomics based on mass spectrometry to investigate the mechanism of qishen granules against isoproterenol‐induced chronic heart failure in rats

“…Recent studies revealed that QSG can inhibit myocarditis injury by regulating arachidonic acid metabolism [7]. By promoting the differentiation of M1 macrophages into M2 macrophages, it promotes angiogenesis and improves cardiac remodeling [8]. It can also improve myocardial energy metabolism by regulating fatty acid and glucose metabolism [9].…”