Qualitative research and content validity: developing best practices based on science and experience

Brod, Meryl; Tesler, Laura; Christensen, Torsten

doi:10.1007/s11136-009-9540-9

Cited by 695 publications

(685 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…To facilitate the identification of FONS components we exploited, atypically, the constant comparison analytical approach of the grounded theorists (Glaser and Strauss 1967); an approach appropriate when a new perspective on a construct is being developed from "previously identified possibilities" (Brod et al 2009(Brod et al , p. 1268. Drawing on mathematics education, psychology, special educational needs and generic education research literature, refereed journal articles and refereed book chapters focused on forms of number sense that were thought by their authors not to be innate were identified.…”

Section: A Tentative But Concise Characterisation Of Foundational Nummentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Opportunities for Grade One Children to Acquire Foundational Number Sense: Developing a Framework for Cross Cultural Classroom Analyses

Andrews

Sayers

2014

Early Childhood Educ J

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It is known that an appropriately developed foundational number sense (FONS), or the ability to operate flexibly with number and quantity, is a powerful predictor of young children's later mathematical achievement. However, until now not only has FONS been definitionally elusive but instruments for identifying opportunities for children to acquire its various components have been missing from the classroom observation tools available. In this paper, drawing on a constant comparison analysis of appropriate literature, we outline the development of an eight dimensional FONS framework. We then show, by applying this framework to three culturally diverse European grade one lessons, one English, one Hungarian and one Swedish, that it is both straightforwardly operationalised and amenable to cross cultural analyses of classroom practice. Some implications are discussed.

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Section: A Tentative But Concise Characterisation Of Foundational Nummentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying Opportunities for Grade One Children to Acquire Foundational Number Sense: Developing a Framework for Cross Cultural Classroom Analyses

Andrews

Sayers

2014

Early Childhood Educ J

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“…Within each of these themes, primary barriers and facilitators to using nutrition information at the restaurants were identified. With five focus groups, we were able to achieve sufficient saturation (or informational redundancy) (15) on our three primary themes.…”

Section: Analysis Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barriers and facilitators of consumer use of nutrition labels at sit-down restaurant chains

Auchincloss

Young

Davis

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Numerous localities have mandated that chain restaurants post nutrition information at the point of purchase. However, some studies suggest that consumers are not highly responsive to menu labelling. The present qualitative study explored influences on full-service restaurant customers' noticing and using menu labelling. Design: Five focus groups were conducted with thirty-six consumers. A semistructured script elicited barriers and facilitators to using nutrition information by showing excerpts of real menus from full-service chain restaurants. Setting: Participants were recruited from a full-service restaurant chain in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, in September 2011. Subjects: Focus group participants were mostly female, African American, with incomes ,$US 60 000, mean age 36 years and education 14?5 years. At recruitment, 33 % (n 12) reported changing their order after seeing nutrition information on the menu. Results: Three themes characterized influences on label use in restaurants: nutrition knowledge, menu design and display, and normative attitudes and behaviours. Barriers to using labels were low prior knowledge of nutrition; displaying nutrition information using codes; low expectations of the nutritional quality of restaurant food; and restaurant discounts, promotions and social influences that overwhelmed interest in nutrition and reinforced disinterest in nutrition. Facilitators were higher prior knowledge of recommended daily intake; spending time reading the menu; having strong prior interest in nutrition/healthy eating; and being with people who reinforced dietary priorities. Conclusions: Menu labelling use may increase if consumers learn a few key recommended dietary reference values, understand basic energy intake/expenditure scenarios and if chain restaurants present nutrition information in a user-friendly way and promote healthier items.

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“…We expect that the questionnaire is also applicable in clinical trials in which patients are initial drug users, but this should be confirmed in future studies. Further validation studies are needed (e.g., establishing the probability of a causal relationship between the reported ADEs and the drugs using an external reference) because content validation is an essential but only first step in providing evidence of full validity [12,57,58]. T1 first measurement, T2 second measurement after 1 week period, PPA proportion positive agreement, CI confidence interval…”

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confidence: 99%

Development and Initial Validation of a Patient-Reported Adverse Drug Event Questionnaire

et al. 2013

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Background Direct patient reporting of adverse drug events (ADEs) is relevant for the evaluation of drug safety. To collect such data in clinical trials and postmarketing studies, a valid questionnaire is needed that can measure all possible ADEs experienced by patients. Objective Our aim was to develop and test a generic questionnaire to identify ADEs and quantify their nature and causality as reported by patients. Methods We created a draft list of common ADEs in layterms, which were classified in body categories and mapped to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA Ò ) terminology. Questions about the nature and causality were derived from existing questionnaires and causality scales. Content validity was tested through cognitive debriefing, revising the questionnaire in an iterative process. Feasibility and reliability were assessed using a Web-based version of the questionnaire. Patients received the questionnaire twice. Feasibility was assessed by the reported time needed for completion and ease of use. Reliability was calculated using Cohen's kappa and proportion of positive agreement (PPA) on: (1) any ADE at patient level; (2) similar ADEs at MedDRA Ò System Organ Class level; and (3) the same ADE at ADE-specific level.Results In the development phase, 28 patients with type 2 diabetes or asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) participated. Questions and answer options were rephrased, layout was improved, and changes were made in the classification of ADEs. The final questionnaire consisted of 252 ADEs organized in 16 body categories, and included 14 questions per reported ADE. A total of 135 patients using a median of five different drugs completed the Web-based questionnaire twice. The median completion time was 15 min for patients not reporting any ADE, and 30 min for patients reporting at least one ADE. Three quarters of the patients found the questionnaire easy to use. Test-retest reliability was acceptable at patient level (j = 0.50, PPA 0.64) and at MedDRA Ò System Organ Class level (j = 0.52, PPA 0.54), but was low at ADEspecific level (j = 0.38, PPA 0.38). Conclusion We developed a generic patient-reported ADE questionnaire and confirmed its content validity. The questionnaire was feasible and reliable for reporting any ADE and similar ADEs at MedDRA Ò System Organ Class level. Additional work is, however, needed to reliably quantify specific ADEs reported by patients.

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Qualitative research and content validity: developing best practices based on science and experience

Abstract: It is hoped this paper will stimulate further discussion regarding best practices for establishing content validity so that, as the PRO field moves forward, qualitative research can be evaluated for quality and acceptability according to scientifically established principles.

Cited by 695 publications

References 38 publications

Identifying Opportunities for Grade One Children to Acquire Foundational Number Sense: Developing a Framework for Cross Cultural Classroom Analyses

Identifying Opportunities for Grade One Children to Acquire Foundational Number Sense: Developing a Framework for Cross Cultural Classroom Analyses

Barriers and facilitators of consumer use of nutrition labels at sit-down restaurant chains

Development and Initial Validation of a Patient-Reported Adverse Drug Event Questionnaire

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