Quality Assessment of a Manufactured Bell Using a 3D Scanning Process

Cekus, Dawid; Kwiatoń, Paweł; Nadolski, M.; Sokół, Krzysztof

doi:10.3390/s20247057

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This method has been widely used in the field of campanology for analysing bell modes [15], for exploring new bell designs, including the major third bells [20], as well as for several other purposes on the bellfounding industry. However, apart from recent studies [21,22], reverse engineering techniques, combining 3D imaging technologies with FEM for the study of bells are still scarcely existent in the literature. In this work we explore this powerful combination to achieve a virtual model as close as possible to the real bell.…”

Section: Numerical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical modelling techniques for the dynamical characterization and sound synthesis of historical bells

2021

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Capable of maintaining characteristics practically intact over the centuries, bells are musical instruments able to provide important and unique data for the study of musicology and archaeology essential to understand past manufacturing and tuning techniques. In this research we present a multidisciplinary approach based on both direct and reverse engineering processes for the dynamical characterization and sound synthesis of historical bells which proven particularly useful to extract and preserve important information for Cultural Heritage. It allows the assessment of the bell’s 3D morphology, sound properties and casting and tuning techniques over time. The accuracy and usefulness of the developed techniques are illustrated for three historical bells, including the oldest recognized bell in Portugal, dated 1287, and two eighteenth century bells from the Mafra National Palace carillons (Portugal). The proposed approach combines non-invasive up-to-date imaging technology with modelling and computational techniques from vibration analysis, and can be summarized in the following steps: (1) For the diagnosis of existing bells, a precise assessment of the bell geometry is achieved through 3D scanning technologies, used for the field measurement and reconstruction of a 3D geometry model of each bell; (2) To access the modal properties of the bells, for any given (at the design stage) or measured geometry, a finite element model is built to compute the significant frequencies of the bell partials, and the corresponding modal masses and modeshapes. In the case of existing bells, comparison of the computed modes with those obtained from vibrational data, through experimental modal identification, enables the validation (or otherwise correction) of the finite element model; (3) Using the computed or experimentally identified modes, time-domain dynamical responses can be synthesized for any conceivable bell, providing realistic sounds for any given clapper and impact location. Although this study primarily aimed to better understand the morphology and sounds of historical bells to inform their conservation/preservation, this technique can be also applied to modern instruments, either existing or at design stages. To a larger extent, it presents strong potential for applications in the bell industry, namely for restoration and re-tuning, as well as in virtual museology.

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Section: Numerical Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical modelling techniques for the dynamical characterization and sound synthesis of historical bells

2021

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“…The quality of cast bells is assessed using their acoustic properties, vibrations, and frequency analysis. The acoustic vibrations are also affected by the present porosity and structure of the cast alloy [36].…”

Section: Bronze Alloys and Temple Bellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Al-bronze is characterized by an excellent hardness and strength. Previous authors have shown that castings made of CuSn20 and CuAl10Fe3Mn2 have similar acoustic vibrations, which can be used to develop cheaper and high-strength bell templates that can facilitate the desired curvature shape and acoustic characteristics without further additional tuning [36,62,79].…”

Section: Microstructure Of Bronze Bellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the alloy consists of about 80 wt.% Cu and 20 wt.% Sn is still regarded as the basic material for the production of bells, the so-called 'bell bronze' [123,124]. Despite many trials of replacing the costly Sn with other elements, no alloy with similarly good acoustic properties has been achieved so far [36,125]. There were incidents where some large-scale projects failed to combine these properties.…”

Section: Lwc For Bellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technological Insights into the Evolution of Bronze Bell Metal Casting on the Korean Peninsula

Won

Jung

Won

et al. 2022

Metals

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Bronze cast bells have been designed and developed for hundreds of years, with the worldwide spread of several faiths and religions such as Buddhism, Catholicism, and Protestantism. The exceptional ringtones of bronze bell metals have scientific healing and cultural importance. In this review article, we highlight the evolution of bronze bell metal over the decades, its composition, and the complex fabrication technologies used to date. Furthermore, we overview ancient and modern casting alloy technology, especially bronze bell castings in Asia. The bell shape, materials, and alloy casting technology have undergone dramatic change over the years. For comparison, we include different bronze cast bells and their characteristics produced from the Middle Ages to the present times. Based on the data obtained from the bell casting technology surrounding the Korean Peninsula, the major trends in the evolution of bronze bell castings and long-standing traditions of mold materials and alloys are described. In the present review, the effects of different elements on bell materials are qualitatively overviewed, with an assessment of the material and casting properties, service life, and bell sound. We also highlight the challenges of conventional bronze casting and possible solutions for future investment castings and rapid prototyping of bronze bells.

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“…Such tasks can be resolved by means of using laser additive technologies. In recent years, several research groups reported case studies where different 3D printing techniques were used, but all known works are not systematic [4][5][6]. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the principal possibility of the application and benefits of the use of end-to-end 3D scanning technologies and the reproduction of scan results using CNC and 3D printers with a laser source for repairing and reconstructing cultural heritage objects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of 3D Laser Scanning and Additive Technologies for Reconstruction of Damaged and Destroyed Cultural Heritage Objects

Parfenov

Igoshin

Masaylo

et al. 2022

QuBS

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Three-dimensional laser scanning is a novel measurement technique that is frequently used for the documentation of cultural heritage (CH) objects. In the process of 3D scanning, one can obtain computing 3D models of artworks to be documented. It allows one to produce detailed digitized archives of important CH objects. Moreover, the use of 3D scanning enables the digital reconstruction of architectural fragments, sculptures, and other artworks. One more important application of this technique relates to the creation of molds and replicas for replacements of outdoor CH objects in case their preservation requirements do not allow them to remain in their original place due to the influence of environmental factors. One of the most effective ways of creating replicas is the use of laser additive technologies. Therefore, the combination of 3D scanning and additive technologies is a very promising way of preservation of CH. This paper describes several case studies concerned with the combined usage of 3D laser scanning and additive technologies for digital reconstruction and replication and of outdoor sculptures in St. Petersburg city. One of them is the reconstruction of the zinc sculpture “Eva at the fountain” (XIX century, England), which was destroyed during WWII. Its replica was created by means of laser stereolithography. Eventually, one more project is related to the reconstruction of the fragment of the sufficiently damaged cast-iron XIX century monument. This object was reconstructed using two laser technologies: direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), and laser cladding (LC).

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Quality Assessment of a Manufactured Bell Using a 3D Scanning Process

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Physical modelling techniques for the dynamical characterization and sound synthesis of historical bells

Physical modelling techniques for the dynamical characterization and sound synthesis of historical bells

Technological Insights into the Evolution of Bronze Bell Metal Casting on the Korean Peninsula

Use of 3D Laser Scanning and Additive Technologies for Reconstruction of Damaged and Destroyed Cultural Heritage Objects

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