Quality of drinking water in Menoufia Governorate

Nexus approach to solar technology for energy and water supply for sustainable rural development in Egypt: a review

“…As a result of this, the authors contend, the majority of the population of Menoufia Governorate were forced to use filtered, bottled, or vended water for drinking or drinking water from privately operated filtration stations run by nongovernmental organizations. 66 This evaluation clearly indicates a lack of trust in the quality of potable tap water provided by the Egyptian government, a result confirmed by a recent study conducted in Upper Egypt. 77 The general approach taken by the Egyptian government to providing Egyptian villages with clean water has been a "whole village" approach.…”

“…According to a report released by Egypt's Environment Affairs Agency (EEAA) in 2008, between 1990 and 2006, the access to piped water increased from 89% to 99% in urban areas and from 39% to 82% in rural areas. 66 Putting in place the infrastructure to make available safe potable water in Egypt has been heavily financed by the US government. Since the 1970s, USAID has invested more than 35 billion USD into the development of Egypt's water and sanitation infrastructure, reaching, as USAID claims, over 25 million Egyptians.…”

“…El-Zanfaly 76 confirmed that this problem persists and that the challenge is not always one of access but also one of the quality of both the infrastructure and the drinking water itself. A study published by El Bahnasy et al in 2014, 66 based on research carried out between 2011 and 2013, revealed that in Menoufia Governorate 1% of the total urban population and 15% of the rural population did not have access to safe drinking water (with a stress on the word safe). The authors conclude that this was due to improperly kept infrastructure and irregular amounts of chlorine added to the water.…”