Quality of motion considerations in numerical analysis of motion restoring implants of the spine

Validation of a C2–C7 cervical spine finite element model using specimen-specific flexibility data

“…However, this combination is not guaranteed to be a unique solution to accurately mimic the response of the model (i.e., other combinations of material properties/definitions may or may not produce similar results). Other commonly used techniques to model the ligaments include springs, connector elements, poroelastic elements, fabric shell elements, and link elements [37][38][39][40][41][42]. In addition to linear elastic material models, intervertebral discs have also been modeled as poroelastic and hyperelastic [40,41,43,44].…”

Lumbar spine finite element model for healthy subjects: development and validation

“…The facet cartilage joints were modeled as a soft frictionless contact with an initial gap of 0.5 mm ). All seven major ligaments (anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), flaval ligament (FL), facet capsular ligament (CL), intertransverse ligament (ITL), interspinous ligament (ISL), and suspraspinous ligament (SSL)) were meshed by 4-node shell elements (Bowden et al 2008). Local muscle forces and upper body weight in lumbar spine were simulated by a compressive follower load with optimized path through the vertebrae (Dreischarf et al 2010).…”

Design of next generation total disk replacements

“…These changes may cause overloading of the facet joints (Chung et al, 2009;Denoziere and Ku, 2006;Lemaire et al, 1997), and increase the risk of ASD (Shim et al, 2007). Hence, when a TDR is not able to mimic the IVD function, it can affect the behavior of the motion segment, and have deleterious effects on the surrounding tissues (Bowden et al, 2008;Lee and Goel, 2004).…”