Quality of residual oil from palm‐pressed mesocarp fiber (Elaeis guineensis) using supercritical CO₂ with and without ethanol

Abstract

The qualities of oils extracted from fresh and dried palm-pressed mesocarp fiber were evaluated. The means of extraction included conventional solvent extraction and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction with and without addition of ethanol. Extraction efficiency using pure SC-CO 2 and the effect of moisture content on efficiency were studied. Minor components, such as vitamin E, carotenoids, squalene and phytosterols, obtained by different methods were compared. The quality of oil recovered from fresh palm-pressed fiber is generally better than that of oil recovered from dried fiber. The SC-CO 2 extraction rate was lower for fresh fiber than for dried fiber. The incorporation of ethanol with SC-CO 2 resulted in oil with higher oxidative stability than did SC-CO 2 alone. Concentrations of minor components and the acylglycerol compositions of the oils extracted from both types of fibers were similar. SCHEME 1 FIG. 1. Effect of CO 2 flow rate on the extraction of residual oil from dried palm-pressed fiber using supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO2) and n-hexane.

Valorisation of palm by‐products as functional components

“…This residual oil can be recovered by conventional solvent extraction using n-hexane, but PPF oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) was reported to be cleaner and clearer [67]. Analysis of the extracted oil quality also showed that the incorporation of ethanol in the SC-CO 2 extraction produced oil with higher oxidative stability compared to extraction using SC-CO 2 alone.…”

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: A Green Approach for Separation and Purification of Organic and Inorganic Analytes

“…Impregnation of active compounds into polymers is a developing area under SFC. It has been successfully used for extraction and purification of vitamin E from palm oil (Lau et al 2006). Solvent residues in pharmaceutical and food products are being prohibited by the regulatory agencies since 1970s.…”

Selective extraction of palm carotene and vitamin E from fresh palm-pressed mesocarp fiber (Elaeis guineensis) using supercritical CO2

“…A laboratory-scale supercritical fluid extraction system which has been described previously (Lau et al, 2006) was used for this study. The CO 2 was chilled and delivered to the system by a high-pressure diaphragm pump (PU-986, Jasco, Japan).…”

“…It is known that palm-pressed fiber oil is enriched with natural carotene, vitamin E, sterols, squalene, co-enzyme Q 10 , and phenolic compounds (Choo et al, 1996;Lau, Choo, Ma, & Chuah, 2005a;Lau, Choo, Ma, & Chuah, 2006). These functional components have been determined to possess certain biological activities such as b-carotene having antioxidant activity and inhibiting growth of colon cancer cells (Di Mascio, Murphy, & Sies, 1991;Slattery et al, 2000); lycopene is particularly an effective singlet oxygen quencher (Di Mascio, Kaiser, & Sies, 1989); vitamin E (e.g., tocotrienols) as antioxidant, anti-cancer and having hypercholesterolemic effects (Pearce, Parker, Deason, Qureshi, & Wright, 1992;Salonen, Salonen, & Penttila, 1985;Tomeo, Geller, Watkins, Gapor, & Bierenbaun, 1995); b-sitosterol possesses cholesterol lowering effect (Hendriks, Westrate, van Vliet, & Meijer, 1999;Moghadasian & Frohlich, 1999); squalene as chemopreventive agent against some type of cancers (Rao, Newmark, & Reddy, 1998;Smith, Yang, Seril, Liao, & Kim, 1998), co-enzyme Q 10 with protective effect against artherosclerosis and heart disease (Kontush, Hubner, Finckh, Kohlschutter, & Beisiegel, 1995;Mohr, Bowry, & Stocker, 1992) and phenolic components with superior antioxidant property (Lau et al, 2005a).…”

“…Many attempts have been made to recover the residue oil from palm-pressed fiber including solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction (Choo et al, 1996;Lau et al, 2006 andde Franca &Meireles, 2000). Application of supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) extraction has advantages over the solvent extraction method as it uses non-hazardous and non-inflammable CO 2 when compared to highly flammable petroleum-based solvent such as hexane or acetone.…”