“…Straub et al ( 1997 ) asserted that the technology integration process is directly affected by various economic, sociological, organizational, and psychological factors. For Qatar, and other Arab Gulf countries, the apparent dearth of technology integration in educational settings may be attributed in part to Internet censorship and limited Arabic content (Bahgat, 1999 ; Ibrahim et al, 2020 ; Karkouti, 2016 ; Kindilchie & Samarraie, 2008 ). The limitations imposed by the cultural context of education in Qatar, such as stakeholders’ resistance to change, misconceptions about technology, and social and religious norms may also obstruct the development of a technology-rich learning community (Al-Jaber & Dutta, 2008 ; Karkouti, 2016 ).…”