Quality-space theory in olfaction

Young, Benjamin; Keller, Andreas; Rosenthal, David

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00001

Cited by 591 publications

(993 citation statements)

References 112 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…To enable the conversion of probability scores into z-scores using the in verse phi function, we raised all false alarm rates of 0 to 0.01 and reduced all hit rates of 1 to 0.99 (same method used in Cowan, Naveh-Benjamin, Kilb, & Saults, 2006; Pfeifer, Rothen, Ward, Chan, & Sigala, 2014). We compared sensitivity and criteria between the two traffic load conditions using a paired-sample t-test in both age groups .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive response criteria in road hazard detection among older drivers

Feng

Choi

Craik

et al. 2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

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OBJECTIVES The majority of existing investigations on attention, aging, and driving have focused on the negative impacts of age-related declines in attention on hazard detection and driver performance. However, driving skills and behavioral compensation may accommodate the negative effects that age-related attentional decline places on driving performance. In this study, we examined an important question that had been largely neglected in the literature linking attention, aging, and driving: can top-down factors such as behavioral compensation, specifically adaptive response criteria, accommodate the negative impacts from age-related attention declines on hazard detection during driving? METHODS In the experiment, we used the Drive Aware Task, a task combining the driving context with well-controlled laboratory procedures measuring attention. We compared younger (n = 16, age 21 – 30) and older drivers (n = 21, age 65 – 79) on their attentional processing of hazards in driving scenes, indexed by percentage of correct and reaction time of hazard detection, as well as sensitivity and response criterion using the signal detection analysis. RESULTS Older drivers, in general, were less accurate and slower on the task than younger drivers. However, results from this experiment also revealed that older, but not younger, drivers adapted their response criteria when the traffic condition changed in the driving scenes. When there was more traffic in the driving scene, older drivers became more liberal in their responses, meaning that they were more likely to report that a driving hazard was detected. CONCLUSIONS Older drivers adopt compensatory strategies on hazard detection during driving . Our findings showed that, in the driving context, even at an old age our attentional functions are still adaptive according to environmental conditions. This leads to considerations on potential training methods to promote adaptive strategies which may help older drivers maintaining performance in road hazard detection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive response criteria in road hazard detection among older drivers

Feng

Choi

Craik

et al. 2017

Traffic Injury Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…For example, among Stroop tasks, different studies used various categories of words as threatening stimuli, such as adolescent social context words, threatening words, and negative emotion words. Similarly, food images used across studies vary in color, size, palatability, and content, which may introduce error in measurement of AB to food cues (Blechert, Meule, Busch, & Ohla, 2014). One group studying AB has introduced a database of standardized images collected from researchers globally (Blechert, Meule, et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of attentional biases in disorders involving binge eating

et al. 2018

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Objective Attentional bias (AB) may be one mechanism contributing to the development and/or maintenance of disordered eating. AB has traditionally been measured using reaction time in response to a stimulus. Novel methods for AB measurement include eye tracking to measure visual fixation on a stimulus, and electroencephalography to measure brain activation in response to a stimulus. This systematic review summarizes, critiques, and integrates data on AB gathered using the above-mentioned methods in those with binge eating behaviors, including binge eating, loss of control eating, and bulimia nervosa. Method Literature searches on PubMed and PsycInfo were conducted using combinations of terms related to binge eating and biobehavioral AB paradigms. Studies using AB paradigms with three categories of stimuli were included: food, weight/shape, and threat. For studies reporting means and standard deviations of group bias scores, Hedges’ g effect sizes for group differences in AB were calculated. Results Fifty articles met inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Individuals who binge eat in the absence of compensatory behaviors show an increased AB to food cues, but few studies have examined such individuals’ AB toward weight/shape and threatening stimuli. Individuals with bulimia nervosa consistently show an increased AB to shape/weight cues and socially threatening stimuli, but findings for AB to food cues are mixed. Discussion While there are important research gaps, preliminary evidence suggests that the combination of AB to disorder-specific cues (i.e., food and weight/shape) and AB toward threat may be a potent contributor to binge eating. This conclusion underscores previous findings on the interaction between negative affect and AB to disorder-specific cues. Recommendations for future research are provided.

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“…Previous research has demonstrated that individuals who score highly on measures of grit, and who persevere in the face of difficult tasks, are often more successful in a variety of domains including health, education, and finances [20,22,23,35,36]. It remained unclear whether grittier individuals persist because they believe there are more likely/larger rewards available in the environment than do individuals with less grit, or if instead gritty and non-gritty individuals both make similar inferences regarding what rewards are available in the environment, but gritty individuals infer that they are more likely to actually reach those rewards.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are also generally more likely to experience greater life success than their less gritty counterparts. For example, individuals high in grit have been shown to have more academic success [19,20], career success [21,22], and overall life satisfaction and happiness [23] as compared to individuals with lower levels of this trait. Grittier individuals are also more likely to successfully complete their training if they are in the military, hold on to their jobs, finish college, and have successful marriages [22] than less gritty individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual differences in exploration and persistence: Grit and beliefs about ability and reward

et al. 2018

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The tradeoff between knowing when to seek greater rewards (exploration), and knowing when to settle (exploitation), is critical to success. One dispositional factor that may modulate this tradeoff is “grit.” Gritty individuals tend to persist in the face of difficulty and consequently experience greater life success. It is possible that they may also experience a greater tendency to explore in a reward task. However, although most exploration/exploitation tasks manipulate beliefs about the presence/magnitude of rewards in the environment, the belief of one’s ability to actually achieve a reward is also critical. As such, we investigated whether individuals higher in grit were more likely to explore, and how beliefs about the magnitude/presence of rewards, and the perceived ability to achieve a reward, modulated their exploration tendencies. Over two experiments, participants completed 4 different exploration/persistence tasks: two that tapped into participant beliefs about the presence/magnitude of rewards, and two that tapped into participant beliefs about their ability to achieve a reward. Participants also completed measures of dispositional grit (Experiment 1a and 1b), conscientiousness (Experiment 1b), and working memory (Experiment 1a and 1b). In both experiments, we found a relationship between the two “belief of rewards” tasks, as well as between the two “belief of ability” tasks, but performance was unrelated across the two types of task. We also found that dispositional grit was strongly associated with greater exploration, but only on the “belief of ability” tasks. Finally, in Experiment 1b we showed that conscientiousness better predicted exploration on the “belief of ability” tasks than grit, suggesting that it is not grittiness per se that is associated with exploration. Overall, our findings showed that individuals high in grit/conscientiousness are more likely to explore, but only when there is a known reward available that they believe they have the ability to achieve.

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Quality-space theory in olfaction

Cited by 591 publications

References 112 publications

Adaptive response criteria in road hazard detection among older drivers

Adaptive response criteria in road hazard detection among older drivers

A systematic review of attentional biases in disorders involving binge eating

Individual differences in exploration and persistence: Grit and beliefs about ability and reward

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