Quantification and characterization of mineral oil in fish feed by liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and liquid chromatography-comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector

Foods and Contaminants Analysis Using Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: An Update of Recent Studies, Technology, and Applications

“…The paper also discussed differentiation based on the presence of compound types between brewed and powdered coffee (Figure 6B) and related aroma perception with respect to roasting intensity (as labeled on the packaging), coffee origin (i.e., Jamaica, Tanzania, and Ethiopia), and coffee blend (decaffeinated blend and natural Vegetables, edible oils, and meat were among the contaminated products that were most frequently reported between 2020 and 2022. GC×GC was the technique of choice to determine polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioaccessibility in beef, 182 mineral oil hydrocarbons in fish feed 183,184 and edible oils, 185 phthalate esters in edible oils, 186 and multipesticide residues in four different vegetables. 187 Planche et al 182 demonstrated that only 25% of PCBs contained in ground beef meat with 11% fat was able to cross the intestinal barrier and induce toxic effects, proving that bioaccessibility is a key factor for risk assessment.…”

“…186 The technique also provides insights on the possible sources of contamination and different contributions to the overall level of saturated hydrocarbons and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAHs) in fish and fish feed samples. 183,184 ■ CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE Here, we have presented a comprehensive review on MDGC technology application for the analysis of foods and contaminants over the past three years (2020−2022). MDGC technology in its GC×GC format has been employed mainly for untargeted detailed analysis of volatile profiles, and H/C technology is largely a targeted analysis such as for hyphenation with a chiral 2 D column for enantio-separation or for olfactometry assessment for correlation of MS identification with sample sensory attributes.…”

“…Vegetables, edible oils, and meat were among the contaminated products that were most frequently reported between 2020 and 2022. GC×GC was the technique of choice to determine polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) bioaccessibility in beef, mineral oil hydrocarbons in fish feed , and edible oils, phthalate esters in edible oils, and multipesticide residues in four different vegetables …”

“…The identification of target phthalates in vegetable oils revealed that 9 of 27 samples were contaminated in Italy . The technique also provides insights on the possible sources of contamination and different contributions to the overall level of saturated hydrocarbons and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAHs) in fish and fish feed samples. , …”

Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography— A discussion on recent innovations

“…This allows a portion of the effluent to be directed towards the MS, while another portion is directed to waste or to another detector, typically an FID [98][99][100][101]. Such setups capitalize on the quantitative capabilities of the FID and combine this with the qualitative strengths of MS. Bauwens et al [102] coupled a liquid-chromatographic (LC) preseparation online with GC × GC with dual detection, resulting in a powerful LC-GC × GC-FID/MS platform. Zanella et al [103] described a GC × GC platform with parallel MS and vacuum UV (VUV) detectors.…”