Quantification of aldehydes emissions from alternative and renewable aviation fuels using a gas turbine engine

Challenges and Solutions for Utilization of Bioliquids in Microturbines

“…HEFA process includes the production of HRJ (Hydrotreated Renewable Jet fuel), already used in commercial flights as drop-in fuel. The use of HRJ as fuel for APU-or small scale gas turbine was largely studied in literature [22,[33][34][35], with no significant modifications to commercial technologies. The sustainability of advanced biofuels is strictly related to net GHG reduction across each "value chain" (the specific combination of sustainable feedstock, conversion process and final products), with no "negative effect" on biodiversity or land use.…”

“…The broadest research of bioliquids in MGT was performed in commercial systems, which were not primarily designed for high efficiency stationary and decentralized power generation rather being mostly derived from APU units, small jet engines or field gensets for military use. These are: [62]  Artouste MK113 APU [34]  Model jet engine, Sr-30 [63] Listed studies addressed wide spectra of vegetable oils, waste greases and biodiesels blended in different blending ratios with D2 or kerosene. The employed approach usually consisted of start-up with conventional fuel followed by switching to a tested bioliquid.…”

“…Generally, studies dealing with high viscosity bioliquids revealed that high primary air temperatures and high turbine inlet temperatures aid in reduction of CO emissions [59,66], whereas for the lighter bioliquids the trend is less pronounced as influence of EQR ratio prevails in the latter case [68]. Increased aldehyde emission from hydro treated FAE (Fatty acid ethyl esters) and GTL (Gas to liquid) bioliquids at low load operation are also reported [34]. This indicates that selection of appropriate control strategy is depending on the properties of tested fuels.…”

“… Temperature levels in combustion chamber during low load operation prevent successful mixture formation and lead to deposit formation [65,66] as well as aldehyde formation [34]. Formation of deposits is most prominent at viscous bioliquids with complex molecular composition and high autoignition temperature.…”

Quantification of the influence of NO2, NO and CO gases on the determination of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde using the DNPH method as applied to polluted environments

“…The concentrations of the DEEEs emitted will be influenced by the type of engine, maintenance of the engine, the fuel used, the workload of the engine, and the engine temperature (HSE, 2012a). Gas turbine engines also emit aldehydes, specifically formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, with formaldehyde emissions up to three times higher at idle than at full power (Li et al, 2014). Using a gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel showed a reduction in the aldehyde emission levels from gas turbine engines (Altaher et al, 2014).…”