Quantification of Facial Movements by Optical Instruments

Sidequersky, Fernanda V.; Verzé, L.; Mapelli, A; Ramieri, Guglielmo; Sforza, Chiarella

doi:10.1097/scs.0000000000000379

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Clearance vector mapping revealed the presence of “associated” atypical movements, unrelated to specific muscle activation involved in the execution of the requested facial movements [16, 19, 21]. In two cases their presence was reduced at T2 (Figures 1(c), 1(f), 2(a), and 2(d)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Facial Mobility after Maxilla-Mandibular Advancement in Patients with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Three-Dimensional Study

Verzé

Bianchi

Barla

et al. 2017

International Journal of Dentistry

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Introduction. The functional results of surgery in terms of facial mobility are key elements in the treatment of patients. Little is actually known about changes in facial mobility following surgical treatment with maxillomandibular advancement (MMA). Objectives. The three-dimensional (3D) methods study of basic facial movements in typical OSAS patients treated with MMA was the topic of the present research. Materials and Methods. Ten patients affected by severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) were engaged for the study. Their facial surface data was acquired using a 3D laser scanner one week before (T1) and 12 months after (T2) orthognathic surgery. The facial movements were frowning, grimace, smiling, and lip purse. They were described in terms of surface and landmark displacements (mm). The mean landmark displacement was calculated for right and left sides of the face, at T1 and at T2. Results. One year after surgery, facial movements were similar to presurgical registrations. No modifications of symmetry were present. Conclusions. Despite the skeletal maxilla-mandible expansion, orthognathic surgical treatment (MMA) of OSAS patients does not seem to modify facial mobility. Only an enhancement of amplitude in smiling and knitting brows was observed. These results could have reliable medical and surgical applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous studies were conducted on facial mobility with 3D methods [20, 21, 27, 28]. A few previous studies were conducted about facial mobility after bone surgery [11] and little is actually known about changes in facial mobility following MMA surgery in OSAS patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facial Mobility after Maxilla-Mandibular Advancement in Patients with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Three-Dimensional Study

Verzé

Bianchi

Barla

et al. 2017

International Journal of Dentistry

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“…The contraction of mimic muscles related to genuine emotion originates from subcortical brain areas that provide excitatory stimuli to the facial nerve nucleus in the brainstem via extrapyramidal motor tracts, which often involve the concomitant contraction of the ocular orbicular muscles. In contrast, posed smiles are controlled by impulses of the pyramidal tracts from the motor cortex ( Frank et al, 1993 ; Schmidt et al, 2006 ; Sidequersky et al, 2014 ). Therefore, we have different pathways for posed (i.e., voluntarily controlled) and spontaneous (i.e., involuntarily produced) facial displays ( Ross et al, 2016 ), so that the genuine pathway has been associated with more synchronized, smooth, and symmetrical expressions compared to the pyramidal voluntary system ( Ross et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Distinct and Independent Pathways For Posed And Genuine Faci...mentioning

confidence: 99%

What is missing in the study of emotion expression?

2023

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While approaching celebrations for the 150 years of “The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals”, scientists’ conclusions on emotion expression are still debated. Emotion expression has been traditionally anchored to prototypical and mutually exclusive facial expressions (e.g., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise). However, people express emotions in nuanced patterns and – crucially – not everything is in the face. In recent decades considerable work has critiqued this classical view, calling for a more fluid and flexible approach that considers how humans dynamically perform genuine expressions with their bodies in context. A growing body of evidence suggests that each emotional display is a complex, multi-component, motoric event. The human face is never static, but continuously acts and reacts to internal and environmental stimuli, with the coordinated action of muscles throughout the body. Moreover, two anatomically and functionally different neural pathways sub-serve voluntary and involuntary expressions. An interesting implication is that we have distinct and independent pathways for genuine and posed facial expressions, and different combinations may occur across the vertical facial axis. Investigating the time course of these facial blends, which can be controlled consciously only in part, is recently providing a useful operational test for comparing the different predictions of various models on the lateralization of emotions. This concise review will identify shortcomings and new challenges regarding the study of emotion expressions at face, body, and contextual levels, eventually resulting in a theoretical and methodological shift in the study of emotions. We contend that the most feasible solution to address the complex world of emotion expression is defining a completely new and more complete approach to emotional investigation. This approach can potentially lead us to the roots of emotional display, and to the individual mechanisms underlying their expression (i.e., individual emotional signatures).

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“…Over the years, digital dentistry has advanced by developing safer, radiation‐free, less invasive, and more reliable equipment to assess facial morphology 1–5 . Among them, 3D facial scanners allow optical measurement of the face without physical contact and its subsequent reconstruction and digitization in a 3D file 5–12 . Obtaining the 3D facial model enables its analysis by additional software to obtain linear measurements, and quantification of area, volume, and angles 5,13–20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloner 3D photogrammetric facial scanner: Assessment of accuracy in a controlled clinical study

Nogueira

Oliveira

Costa

et al. 2022

J Esthet Restor Dent

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Objective To evaluate the accuracy of facial measurements on three‐dimensional images obtained using a new photogrammetric scanner. Material and Methods A total of 11 participants were included in the study. Nine customized adhesive labels were used to identify the facial landmarks: Trichion (Tri), Glabella (G), Right (Exr) and Left (Exl), Pronasal (Pn), Subnasal (Sn), Chelion right (Chr) and left (Chl) and Mentonian (Me). Two trained and calibrated examiners were responsible for performing seven linear measurements for each participant (Tri‐G, Sn‐Me, Exr‐Exl, Chr‐Chl, Exr‐Chr, Exl‐Chl, Pn‐Sn) first with a digital caliper and later with a three‐dimensional model obtained after digitalization with photogrammetric technology. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), mean difference, SD, and Bland–Altman correlation were used to compare the measurements performed. Results Intra and inter‐examiner reliability were excellent (ICC >0.9). In general, the measurements presented a variation of a minor 2.0 mm. However, only three measures (Sn‐Me, Exr‐Exl, and Exr‐Chr) were outside the clinical acceptability range. Conclusions The 3D Cloner scanner showed clinically acceptable accuracy comparable to the digital caliper with a variation of −0.8 ± 1.2 mm. Inter‐ and intra‐examiner agreement on digital measurements was also observed. Clinical Significance Scanners with accurate 3D model reproductions associated with reliable digital measurements provide a more precise diagnosis and better planning in orofacial treatment.

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Quantification of Facial Movements by Optical Instruments

Cited by 13 publications

References 48 publications

Facial Mobility after Maxilla-Mandibular Advancement in Patients with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Three-Dimensional Study

Facial Mobility after Maxilla-Mandibular Advancement in Patients with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Three-Dimensional Study

What is missing in the study of emotion expression?

Cloner 3D photogrammetric facial scanner: Assessment of accuracy in a controlled clinical study

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